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This book contains the best and most up-to-date contributions in the field of late stage stellar evolution, as presented at the APNVII conference in Hong Kong in December 2017. A total of 60 scientists from 20 countries gathered to present, listen, interact and discuss the most current issues and problems in planetary nebulae and related objects research. The emphasis of this influential series of meetings, which was the seventh occasion over the last 20 years, has always been on the hypothesized and observed physical shaping mechanisms of the ejected nebulae that have such wonderful and intriguing forms. This special Galaxies conference issue of fully refereed contributions brings together a representative compilation of the meeting presentations in paper form. It captures the current “snap shot” status of this research field in some real sense. Such proceedings are well received and can be used as a reference material by both participants and all others working in the field for years to come.

planetary systems --- planetary nebulae --- stars: binaries --- stars: AGB and post-AGB --- stars: variables: general --- stars: abundances --- stars: AGB and post-AGB --- stars: atmospheres --- stars: individual: WD 0044–121 --- stars: individual: WD 2134+25 --- stars: individual: WD 1751+106 --- planetary nebulae --- asymptotic giant branch stars --- mass loss --- infra-red --- planetary nebulae --- integral field spectroscopy --- stellar evolution --- binarity --- planetary nebulae --- stellar mass loss --- stellar evolution --- planetary nebulae --- circumstellar dust --- planetary nebulae --- mass-loss --- stellar evolution --- X-rays --- stellar evolution --- late stage stellar evolution --- binarity: transients: planetary nebulae --- planetary nebulae --- stars: AGB and post-AGB --- late stage stellar evolution --- planetary nebulae --- stars: binaries --- central stars of planetary nebulae --- proto-planetary nebulae --- binaries: spectroscopic --- stars: atmospheres --- stars: abundances --- supernovae --- late stage stellar evolution --- planetary nebulae --- binarity --- stellar evolution --- AGB and post-AGB stars --- circumstellar matter --- winds and outflows --- mass-loss --- jets --- binaries: close --- stars: AGB and post-AGB --- stars: winds, outflows --- ISM: jets and outflows --- binary stars --- post-AGB --- discs --- planetary nebula --- X-ray --- stellar evolution --- AGB stars --- post-AGB stars --- planetary nebulae --- planetary nebulae --- fullerenes --- planetary nebulae --- AGB and post-AGB stars --- binarity --- accretion disks --- jets --- mass-loss --- circumstellar matter --- (sub)millimeter interferometry --- ultraviolet radiation, X-rays --- infrared interferometry --- AGB stars --- stellar evolution --- observations --- aperture masking --- planetary nebulae --- binarity --- abundances --- stellar evolution --- post-AGB stars --- pre-PN hydrodynamic models --- planetary nebulae: Common Envelope --- planetary nebulae: individual (OH231+8+04.2) --- astrochemistry --- planetary nebulae --- UIE bands --- normal modes --- displacement vectors --- late-stage stellar evolution --- planetary nebulae --- multi-wavelength photometry --- radial velocity --- stellar evolution --- pulsation --- shock wave --- late stage stellar evolution --- planetary nebulae --- theory and observation --- planetary nebulae --- AGB and post-AGB --- interstellar medium --- radio continuum --- winds --- outflows --- dust --- extinction --- ISM: abundances --- planetary nebulae: individual (NGC 6781)

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During the past few decades, plasma science has witnessed a great growth in laboratory studies, in simulations, and in space. Plasma is the most common phase of ordinary matter in the universe. It is a state in which ionized matter (even as low as 1%) becomes highly electrically conductive. As such, long-range electric and magnetic fields dominate its behavior. Cosmic plasmas are mostly associated with stars, supernovae, pulsars and neutron stars, quasars and active galaxies at the vicinities of black holes (i.e., their jets and accretion disks). Cosmic plasma phenomena can be studied with different methods, such as laboratory experiments, astrophysical observations, and theoretical/computational approaches (i.e., MHD, particle-in-cell simulations, etc.). They exhibit a multitude of complex magnetohydrodynamic behaviors, acceleration, radiation, turbulence, and various instability phenomena. This Special Issue addresses the growing need of the plasma science principles in astrophysics and presents our current understanding of the physics of astrophysical plasmas, their electromagnetic behaviors and properties (e.g., shocks, waves, turbulence, instabilities, collimation, acceleration and radiation), both microscopically and macroscopically. This Special Issue provides a series of state-of-the-art reviews from international experts in the field of cosmic plasmas and electromagnetic phenomena using theoretical approaches, astrophysical observations, laboratory experiments, and state-of-the-art simulation studies.

laser-induced nuclear reactions --- high-power laser systems --- laser plasma --- nuclear astrophysics --- effective lifetime --- 26Al --- active galactic nuclei --- relativistic jets --- magnetic fields --- radio interferometry --- black holes --- accretion disks --- X-ray binaries --- active galactic nuclei --- magnetic fields --- accretion disks --- MHD winds --- accreting black holes --- MHD–accretion --- accretion discs–jets --- AGN --- active galaxies --- blazars --- multi-wavelength astronomy --- muti-messenger astronomy --- neutrino astrophysics --- polarization --- active galactic nuclei --- relativistic jets --- magneto-hydrodynamics --- plasma physics --- numerical methods --- particle-in-cell simulations --- relativistic jets --- the Weibel instability --- kink-like instability --- mushroom instability --- global jets --- helical magnetic fields --- recollimation shocks --- jets --- radiation mechanism: non-thermal --- galaxies: active --- gamma-ray bursts --- TBD --- cosmic rays --- massive star supernovae --- cosmic ray knee and ankle --- GRMHD --- numerical relativity --- relativistic astrophysics --- jets --- high energy astrophysics

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This book consists of a selection of original papers of the leading scientists in the fields of Space and Planetary Physics, Solar and Space Plasma Physics with important contributions to the theory, modeling and experimental techniques of the solar wind exploration. Its purpose is to provide the means for interested readers to become familiar with the current knowledge of the solar wind formation and elemental composition, the interplanetary dynamical evolution and acceleration of the charged plasma particles, and the guiding magnetic field that connects to the magnetospheric field lines and adjusts the effects of the solar wind on Earth. I am convinced that most of the research scientists actively working in these fields will find in this book many new and interesting ideas.

Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology --- Earth and Planetary Sciences --- Astronomy and Astrophysics --- Space Physics

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Galaxies, along with their underlying dark matter halos, constitute the building blocks of structure in the Universe. Of all fundamental forces, gravity is the dominant one that drives the evolution of structures from small density seeds at early times to the galaxies we see today. The interactions among myriads of stars, or dark matter particles, in a gravitating structure produce a system with fascinating connotations to thermodynamics, with some analogies and some fundamental differences. Ignacio Ferreras presents a concise introduction to extragalactic astrophysics, with emphasis on stellar dynamics, and the growth of density fluctuations in an expanding Universe. Additional chapters are devoted to smaller systems (stellar clusters) and larger ones (galaxy clusters). Fundamentals of Galaxy Dynamics, Formation and Evolution is written for advanced undergraduates and beginning postgraduate students, providing a useful tool to get up to speed in a starting research career. Some of the derivations for the most important results are presented in detail to enable students appreciate the beauty of maths as a tool to understand the workings of galaxies. Each chapter includes a set of problems to help the student advance with the material.

galaxy formation --- astrophysics --- galaxy clusters

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The Göttingen Observatory, workplace of the famous scholar Carl Friedrich Gauss, is an important architectural monument. In 2005, it has been reconstructed jointly by the Georg-August-University and the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen. Since then it serves as a representative building for the University and is the seat of the Academy. With the use of the historic rooms for exhibitions this imposing building is open to the public for the first time. 200 years ago the observatory represented the recent scientific findings of its time and moved the University of Göttingen into the leading group of the foremost research institutions in Europe at this time. Also due to its architecture it has been a big leap for Georg Heinrich Borheck, architecture of the University of Göttingen. The war of the Napoleonic era disrupted the attempt of Borheck to publish his description of the construction of the Göttingen observatory in 1805. But his writing is still relevant today and will be finally published with this band for the first time accessible to a wide public. It shows the principles on which public buildings were designed then, explains the importance of the construction in art- and science-historical perspectives and informs on the plans for the restoration of the observatory in a separate article and in the preface by the President of the Georg-August University Prof. Dr. Dr. hc Kurt von Figura.

astronomy --- history of astronomy --- observatory