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Animals and Medicine: The Contribution of Animal Experiments to the Control of Disease offers a detailed, scholarly historical review of the critical role animal experiments have played in advancing medical knowledge. Laboratory animals have been essential to this progress, and the knowledge gained has saved countless lives—both human and animal. Unfortunately, those opposed to using animals in research have often employed doctored evidence to suggest that the practice has impeded medical progress. This volume presents the articles Jack Botting wrote for the Research Defence Society News from 1991 to 1996, papers which provided scientists with the information needed to rebut such claims. Collected, they can now reach a wider readership interested in understanding the part of animal experiments in the history of medicine—from the discovery of key vaccines to the advancement of research on a range of diseases, among them hypertension, kidney failure and cancer.This book is essential reading for anyone curious about the role of animal experimentation in the history of science from the nineteenth century to the present.

animal experiments --- laboratory animals --- history of medicine --- vaccination --- surgery --- transplants --- cancer research

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Early studies recognized the unique phenotype and attributes of T cells found in mucosal tissues, such as the intestines, skin, lung and female reproductive tract. This special topic issue will cover many aspects of mucosal-resident T cell biology during infection and disease and is dedicated to Leo Lefrancois, a pioneer in this field who recently passed away. A major proportion of these mucosal T cells are memory T cells, now recognized as a major constituent of memory T cells referred to as tissue-resident memory T cells. Unlike central and effector memory T cell subsets, tissue-resident memory T cells exhibit tissue specificity with minimal systemic migration. Nonetheless, tissue-resident memory T cells share a similar origin and display some overlapping phenotypes with their other memory T cell counterparts. Articles in this issue will describe the different types of memory T cells residing in mucosal tissues, their origins and functions as well as how they vary among discrete mucosal sites. Manuscripts will consider the unique physiological environments and cellular constituents which facilitate tissue residency while preserving tissue function. Additionally, there will be descriptions of the various mechanisms responsible for the migration and segregation of tissue resident memory CD8 T cells from the peripheral T cell pool. Although the mechanisms facilitating the sequestration of tissue-resident memory T cells within a respective tissue has not well characterized, various theories will also be discussed. Lastly, how these T cells contribute to immunity to pathogens, cancer, and autoimmunity and could be modified through vaccination or therapeutic intervention will be described. As mucosal tissues are the major portals of pathogen entry and frequent transformation, the activities and persistence of tissue resident memory T cells is crucial for mediating protection at these sites.

Migration --- Epithelium --- Mucosa --- T cell differentiation --- pathogens --- Vaccination --- CD103 --- Microscopy --- Inflammation

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Rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis and one of the oldest described infectious diseases. All mammals are susceptible to infection, but rabid dogs are responsible for the greatest global burden. Bats and carnivores are the major wildlife reservoirs. More than 60,000 persons, primarily children, succumb each year after the bite from a rabid animal. This compilation describes new information on disease surveillance, diagnosis, prevention and control within Africa, Eurasia and the New World. Public health professionals, veterinarians, physicians, laboratory workers and conservation biologists should appreciate the novel communications provided from internationally renowned authors and the diversity of topics in this special issue on rabies.

Infectious disease --- one health --- prophylaxis --- public health --- rabies --- vaccination --- veterinary medicine --- virus --- wildlife --- zoonosis

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This open access book discusses individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to vaccination from the perspective of philosophy and public health ethics. It addresses the issue of what it means for a collective to be morally responsible for the realisation of herd immunity and what the implications of collective responsibility are for individual and institutional responsibilities. The first chapter introduces some key concepts in the vaccination debate, such as ‘herd immunity’, ‘public goods’, and ‘vaccine refusal’; and explains why failure to vaccinate raises certain ethical issues. The second chapter analyses, from a philosophical perspective, the relationship between individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to the realisation of herd immunity. The third chapter is about the principle of least restrictive alternative in public health ethics and its implications for vaccination policies. Finally, the fourth chapter presents an ethical argument for unqualified compulsory vaccination, i.e. for compulsory vaccination that does not allow for any conscientious objection. The book would appeal both philosophers interested in public health ethics and the general public interested in the philosophical underpinning of different arguments about our moral obligations with regard to vaccination.

Open access --- medical ethics --- public health ethics --- vaccination policies --- policy making --- moral responsibility

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The influenza virus poses a threat to human health and is responsible for global epidemics every year. In addition to seasonal infections, influenza can cause occasional pandemics of great consequence when novel viruses are introduced into humans. Despite the implementation of comprehensive vaccination programs, influenza viruses continue to pose an important and unpredictable global public health threat. They are one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality each year and have a significant economic impact. In recent years, research has been conducted to find alternative approaches to influenza vaccine development, including the generation of universal vaccines. Notably, significant progress in the field of influenza infection, transmission, and immunity have contributed to our understanding of influenza biology, and to expanding the technological approaches for the generation of more efficient strategies against influenza infections. Moreover, highly remarkable developments have been made in the implementation of new methodologies to evaluate the efficiency of vaccines and improve them for use on domestic animals such as poultry, horses, dogs or pigs. This enables us to decrease the exposure of humans to potentially pandemic viruses. The articles in this Special Issue will address the importance of influenza to human health and the advances in influenza research that have led to the development of better therapeutics and vaccination strategies.

influenza A virus --- infection --- hemagglutinin --- hemagglutin stalk --- memory B cells --- antibodies --- germinal centers --- original antigenic sin --- imprinting --- Influenza A virus (IAV) --- innate immunity --- single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) --- Influenza vaccine --- T cell --- memory --- tissue resident --- immune response --- influenza --- CD4 T cell --- epitopes --- hemagglutinin --- influenza virus --- humoral response --- hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus --- broad neutralizing antibody(bnAb) --- heterosubtypic immunity of influenza --- original antigenic sin “OAS” --- “universal” influenza vaccine --- protein microarray assay --- mPLEX-Flu assay --- multiple dimensional assay (MDA) --- pediatrics --- influenza virus --- vaccines --- pregnant women --- ARDS --- lung --- morbidity --- vaccination rate --- live attenuated influenza vaccine --- influenza --- master donor virus --- virus–host interaction --- vaccine safety --- immunogenicity --- protection efficacy --- Influenza virus --- influenza vaccine --- vaccination --- pandemic --- immune response --- innate immunity --- adaptive immunity --- universal vaccines