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The aim of the present work is to describe the deformation and fracture behavior of single crystal tungsten at the microscopic scale by using the ?nite element method. Therefore, the studies focus mainly on the in?uence of crystal orientation as well as the investigation of crack initiation and crack propagation. With a defined crack propagation model, the simulations of microbending allows for evaluating the details of the fracture process more accurately and supported the experimental studies.

Wolframeinkristall --- Mikrorißbildung --- Bruchzähigkeit --- Finite Elemente --- KristallplastizitätSingle Crystal Tungsten --- Microcracking --- Fracture toughness --- Finite elements --- Crystal plasticity

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Small scale mechanical deformations have gained a significant interest over the past few decades, driven by the advances in integrated circuits and microelectromechanical systems. One of the most powerful and versatile characterization methods is the nanoindentation technique. The capabilities of these depth-sensing instruments have been improved considerably. They can perform experiments in vacuum and at high temperatures, such as in-situ SEM and TEM nanoindenters. This allows researchers to visualize mechanical deformations and dislocations motion in real time. Time-dependent behavior of soft materials has also been studied in recent research works. This Special Issue on ""Small Scale Deformation using Advanced Nanoindentation Techniques""; will provide a forum for researchers from the academic and industrial communities to present advances in the field of small scale contact mechanics. Materials of interest include metals, glass, and ceramics. Manuscripts related to deformations of biomaterials and biological related specimens are also welcome. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

multiscale --- quasicontinuum method --- surface pit defect --- size effect --- tantalum --- mammalian cells --- morphology --- biomaterials --- nanoscale --- Bi2Se3 thin films --- nanoindentation --- hardness --- pop-in --- nanoindentation --- constitutive model --- rate factor --- dimensionless analysis --- solder --- InP(100) single crystal --- Pop-in --- nanoindentation --- transmission electron microscopy --- fracture toughness --- cement paste --- miniaturized cantilever beam --- micromechanics --- fatigue --- nanoindenter --- nanoindentation --- reduced activation ferritic martensitic (RAFM) steels --- helium irradiation --- irradiation hardening --- nuclear fusion structural materials --- metallic glass --- nanoindentation --- creep --- strain rate sensitivity --- shear transformation zone --- nanoindentation --- mechanical properties --- soft biomaterials --- viscoelasticity --- atomic force microscopy (AFM) --- TSV --- nanoindentation --- FIB --- micro-cantilever beam --- mixed-mode --- fracture --- nickel --- nanoindentation --- hardness --- brittleness and ductility --- hydrogen embrittlement --- n/a

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Recent disasters caused by the spread of fire in buildings and in transportations remind us of the importance of fire protection. Using flame-retardant materials is one important element of the firefighting strategy, which aims to prevent fire development and propagation. These materials are used in different applications, such as in textiles, coatings, foams, furniture, and cables. The development of more efficient and environmentally friendly flame-retardant additives is an active multidisciplinary approach that has attracted a great deal of interest. Studies have aimed at the development of new, sustainable, and flame-retardant additives/materials, providing high performance and low toxicity. Also studied were their properties during ageing and recycling, as well as modeling physical and chemical processes occuring before ignition and during their combustion. The development of sustainable flame retardants and understanding their modes of action provide a strong link between these topics and cover many fields from organic chemistry, materials engineering, and toxicology, to physics and mathematics.

ZIF-8@GO hybrids --- PLA --- dielectric constant --- flame-retardant --- flexible --- biomaterials --- biodegradable --- calorimetry --- composites --- flame retardance --- lignin --- polyamide 11 --- ammonium polyphosphate --- thermal decomposition --- fire reaction --- epoxy novolac resin --- DOPO --- nano-SiO2 --- flame retardancy --- fracture toughness --- lignin nanoparticles --- flame retardancy --- polylactide --- phosphorylation --- biobased materials --- poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) --- flame retardancy --- microcalorimetry of combustion --- EVA/LLDPE blend --- flame retardant --- wire and cable --- melamine triazine --- clay --- polymer flammability --- van Krevelen approach --- group contributions --- pyrolysis–combustion flow calorimetry --- phosphorus-containing flame retardant --- reactive flame retardancy --- PLA ROP --- chain extension --- DOPO --- organophosphorus compounds --- flame retardant --- cotton fabrics --- condensed phase --- phenolic resin --- aluminum diethylphosphinate --- melamine --- flame retardancy

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This book, as a collection of 17 research articles, provides a selection of the most recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, and applications of environmentally friendly and biodegradable biopolymer composites and nanocomposites. Recently, the demand has been growing for a clean and pollution-free environment and an evident target regarding the minimization of fossil fuel usage. Therefore, much attention has been focused on research to replace petroleum-based commodity plastics by biodegradable materials arising from biological and renewable resources. Biopolymers—polymers produced from natural sources either chemically from a biological material or biosynthesized by living organisms—are suitable alternatives for addressing these issues due to their outstanding properties, including good barrier performance, biodegradation ability, and low weight. However, they generally possess poor mechanical properties, a short fatigue life, low chemical resistance, poor long-term durability, and limited processing capability. In order to overcome these deficiencies, biopolymers can be reinforced with fillers or nanofillers (with at least one of their dimensions in the nanometer range). Bionanocomposites are advantageous for a wide range of applications, such as in medicine, pharmaceutics, cosmetics, food packaging, agriculture, forestry, electronics, transport, construction, and many more.

nanocellulose --- protease sensor --- human neutrophil elastase --- peptide-cellulose conformation --- aerogel --- glycol chitosan --- ?-tocopherol succinate --- amphiphilic polymer --- micelles --- paclitaxel --- chitosan --- PVA --- nanofibers --- electrospinning --- nanocellulose --- carbon nanotubes --- nanocomposite --- conductivity --- surfactant --- Poly(propylene carbonate) --- thermoplastic polyurethane --- compatibility --- toughness --- biopolyester --- compatibilizer --- cellulose --- elastomer --- toughening --- biodisintegration --- heat deflection temperature --- biopolymers composites --- MgO whiskers --- PLLA --- in vitro degradation --- natural rubber --- plasticized starch --- polyfunctional monomers --- physical and mechanical properties --- cross-link density --- water uptake --- chitosan --- deoxycholic acid --- folic acid --- amphiphilic polymer --- micelles --- paclitaxel --- silk fibroin --- glass transition --- DMA --- FTIR --- stress-strain --- active packaging materials --- alginate films --- antimicrobial agents --- antioxidant activity --- biodegradable films --- essential oils --- polycarbonate --- thermal decomposition kinetics --- TG/FTIR --- Py-GC/MS --- wheat gluten --- potato protein --- chemical pre-treatment --- structural profile --- tensile properties --- biocomposites --- natural fibers --- poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate) --- biodegradation --- impact properties --- chitin nanofibrils --- poly(lactic acid) --- nanocomposites --- bio-based polymers --- natural fibers --- biomass --- biocomposites --- fiber/matrix adhesion --- bio-composites --- mechanical properties --- poly(lactic acid) --- cellulose fibers --- n/a

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The microstructures of both martensite and bainite, although sharing some common features, depict a plethora of subtle differences that made them unique when studied in further detail. Tailoring the final properties of a microstructure based on one or the other as well as in combination with others and exploring more sophisticated concepts, such as Q&P and nanostructured bainite, are the topics which are the focus of research around the world. In understanding the key microstructural parameters controlling the final properties as well as definition of adequate process parameters to attain the desired microstructures requires that a proper understanding of the mechanism ruling their transformation and a detailed characterization first be acheived. The development of new and powerful scientific techniques and equipment (EBSD, APT, HRTEM, etc.) allow us to gain fundamental insights that help to establish some of the principles by which those microstructures are known. The developments accompanying such findings lead to further developments and intensive research providing the required metallurgical support.

medium-Mn steel --- austenite decomposition --- dilatometry --- phase equilibrium --- retained austenite --- high carbon steels --- nanobainite --- low temperature bainite --- tensile ductility --- retained austenite stability --- transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) --- microalloyed steels --- niobium --- molybdenum --- titanium --- mechanical properties --- yield strength --- impact toughness --- modeling --- microstructure --- EBSD --- bainite --- ausforming --- kinetics --- plate thickness --- steel --- martensite --- bainite --- Q&amp --- P --- synchrotron --- HEXRD --- TRIP --- low temperature bainite --- nitrocarburising --- surface modification --- retained austenite --- bainitic ferrite --- transmission electron microscopy --- creep resistant steels --- carbonitrides precipitation --- martensite --- tempering --- thermomechanical treatment --- ferritic/martensitic steel --- MX nanoprecipitates --- tempered martensite embrittlement --- lenticular martensite --- offshore steels --- electron backscattering diffraction --- Kernel average misorientation --- transmission Kikuchi diffraction --- ultrahigh strength steel --- austempering --- carbon partitioning --- carbide precipitation --- bainitic/martensitic ferrite --- stainless steel --- metastable austenite --- strain-induced martensite --- transformation kinetics --- inductive measurements --- martensitic steel --- direct quenched --- industrialization --- hot rolling --- tempering --- welding --- fatigue --- high strength steel --- tempering --- dilatation behavior --- phase transformation --- microstructure --- bainite --- martensite --- n/a