Search results:
Found 10
Listing 1 - 10 of 10 |
Sort by
|
Choose an application
Using Shannon information theory to analyse the contributions from two source variables to a target, for example, we can measure the information held by one source about the target, the information held by the other source about the target, and the information held by those sources together about the target. Intuitively, however, there is strong desire to measure further notions of how this directed information interaction may be decomposed, e.g., how much information the two source variables hold redundantly about the target, how much each source variable holds uniquely, and how much information can only be discerned by synergistically examining the two sources together.The absence of measures for such decompositions into redundant, unique and synergistic information is arguably the most fundamental missing piece in classical information theory. Triggered by the formulation of the Partial Information Decomposition framework by Williams and Beer in 2010, the past few years have witnessed a concentration of work by the community in proposing, contrasting, and investigating new measures to capture these notions of information decomposition.This Special Issue seeks to bring together these efforts, to capture a snapshot of the current research, as well as to provide impetus for and focused scrutiny on newer work, present progress to the wider community and attract further research. Our contributions present: several new approaches for measures of such decompotions; commentary on properties, interpretations and limitations of such approaches; and applications to empirical data (in particular to neural data).
Shannon information --- information theory --- information decomposition --- mutual information --- synergy --- redundancy --- shared information transfer entropy
Choose an application
The auditory perception of sounds (environmental, vocal or music) is one of the 5 principal senses consciously monitored by our brains, and is crucial for many human endeavors as well as quality of life. Loss of optimal performance in this principal sensory system leads to loss of effective communication and intimacy, as well as increased risk of isolation, depression, cognitive decline, and greater vulnerability to predators.The vestibular system ensures that individuals remain upright and effectively monitor their posture within their spatial surroundings, move effectively, and remain focused on visual targets during motion. The loss of vestibular sensitivity results in postural instability, falls, inability to observe the environment during motion, and a debilitating incapacity to function effectively. The sensory cells for both auditory and vestibular systems are located within the inner ear of the temporal bulla.There are many causes of auditory and vestibular deficits, including congenital (or genetic) events, trauma, aging and loud sound exposures. Ototoxicity refers to damage of the auditory or vestibular structures or functions, as the result of exposure to certain pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and/or ionizing radiation exposure that damage the inner ear. Ototoxicity is a major contributor to acquired hearing loss and vestibular deficits, and is entirely preventable.In 2009, the United States Department of Defense initiated the Hearing Center of Excellence (HCE), headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, in response to the prevalence of acquired auditory and vestibular deficits in military and veteran populations. The knowledge shared in this eBook supports the HCE’s mandate to improve aural protection of military and civilian populations worldwide.The last few years have seen significant advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying ototoxic drug-induced hearing loss and vestibular deficits. In this eBook, we present some of these advances and highlight gaps where further research is needed. Selected articles discuss candidate otoprotective agents that can ameliorate the effects of ototoxicity in the context of how they illustrate cellular mechanisms of ototoxicity. Our goal in illustrating these advances in mechanisms of ototoxicity is to accelerate the development of clinical therapies that prevent or reverse this debilitating disorder.
otoprotection --- aminoglycosides --- cisplatin --- blood-labyrinth barrier --- ototoxic synergy --- sensory disorders --- neurotoxicity
Choose an application
The next frontier in pharmacology is the development of multi-target strategies in which pathological processes are controlled by pharmacologically manipulating them at many different points at once. Designing multi-target strategies will require deep understanding of the complex physiology that underlies pathological processes. It will also require the development of single drugs with multiple targets, or combinations of drugs with compatible pharmacokinetics that work synergistically to maximize desirable effects while minimizing unwanted side effects. This e-Book contains ten original articles, each addressing a different aspect of this challenge. Together they open new perspectives and show the way forward in the development of multi-target therapeutics.
polypharmacy --- drug combination --- drug discovery --- drug repurposing --- multidrug therapeutics --- synergy --- multifactorial process --- systems biology --- computer modeling --- high throughput screening
Choose an application
This open access book addresses three themes which have been central to Leydesdorff's research: (1) the dynamics of science, technology, and innovation; (2) the scientometric operationalization of these concept; and (3) the elaboration in terms of a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations. In this study, I discuss the relations among these themes. Using Luhmann's social-systems theory for modelling meaning processing and Shannon's theory for information processing, I show that synergy can add new options to an innovation system as redundancy. The capacity to develop new options is more important for innovation than past performance. Entertaining a model of possible future states makes a knowledge-based system increasingly anticipatory. The trade-off between the incursion of future states on the historical developments can be measured using the Triple-Helix synergy indicator. This is shown, for example, for the Italian national and regional systems of innovation.
Research Methodology --- Knowledge - Discourse --- Communication Studies --- Market Research/Competitive Intelligence --- Semantics --- Sociological Methods --- Biotechnology --- Media and Communication --- Marketing --- Linguistics --- Triple-Helix synergy --- A calculus of redundancy --- horizons of meaning --- anticipatory systems --- operationalisation and measurement --- neo-evolutionary --- social-systems theory --- entropy statistics --- open access --- Social research & statistics --- Sociology --- Market research --- Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics
Choose an application
As the ultimate information processing device, the brain naturally lends itself to being studied with information theory. The application of information theory to neuroscience has spurred the development of principled theories of brain function, and has led to advances in the study of consciousness, as well as to the development of analytical techniques to crack the neural code—that is, to unveil the language used by neurons to encode and process information. In particular, advances in experimental techniques enabling the precise recording and manipulation of neural activity on a large scale now enable for the first time the precise formulation and the quantitative testing of hypotheses about how the brain encodes and transmits the information used for specific functions across areas. This Special Issue presents twelve original contributions on novel approaches in neuroscience using information theory, and on the development of new information theoretic results inspired by problems in neuroscience.
neural network --- Potts model --- latching --- recursion --- functional connectome --- graph theoretical analysis --- eigenvector centrality --- orderness --- network eigen-entropy --- information entropy production --- discrete Markov chains --- spike train statistics --- Gibbs measures --- maximum entropy principle --- pulse-gating --- channel capacity --- neural coding --- feedforward networks --- neural information propagation --- information theory --- mutual information decomposition --- synergy --- redundancy --- integrated information theory --- integrated information --- minimum information partition --- submodularity --- Queyranne’s algorithm --- consciousness --- maximum entropy --- higher-order correlations --- neural population coding --- Ising model --- brain network --- complex networks --- connectome --- information theory --- graph theory --- free-energy principle --- internal model hypothesis --- unconscious inference --- infomax principle --- independent component analysis --- principal component analysis --- goodness --- categorical perception --- perceptual magnet --- information theory --- perceived similarity --- mutual information --- synergy --- redundancy --- neural code --- hippocampus --- entorhinal cortex --- navigation --- neural code --- representation --- decoding --- spike-time precision --- discrimination --- noise correlations --- information theory --- mismatched decoding --- information theory --- neuroscience
Choose an application
This Special Issue on “Beverage Sensory Modification” presents a series of articles that feature the broad sense of sensory modification with regards to beverages, either by improving their flavor, taste, and mouthfeel properties, or through prevention of spoilage. The scope goes further than the usual technological measures that modulate sensory properties and includes psychological and cross-modal influences, where the sensory modification occurs in the subject’s brain rather than as a result of modified physical–chemical properties of objects.
closure type --- opening sounds --- wine perception --- expectations --- packaging --- glass swirling --- glass shape --- nonequilibrium conditions --- oxygen sensor --- wine tasting --- whey --- pivot profile --- CATA --- fermented beverage --- cross-modal correspondence --- shape --- taste --- beverage --- flavan-3-ols --- reduction --- oxidation --- wine aging --- oxidative stability --- clarification --- temporal profile --- time–intensity evaluation --- sweetener --- coffee beverage --- water solution --- untrained panelist --- wine --- spoilage --- Brettanomyces --- Dekkera --- volatile phenols --- off-flavors --- cross-modality --- taste-aroma interactions --- sweetness enhancement --- vanilla flavor --- flavored milk --- sugar --- isoboles --- synergy --- n/a
Choose an application
Cancer remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although many pharmacological and clinical advances have been made, there is a constant need for new molecules to improve the overall options for treatment. Natural compounds from animal, microbial, vegetal, or fungal origin represent countless sources of new compounds that can be used as anticancer drugs, provided their activity, bioavailability, and toxicity are adequate. This book aims to compile both original articles and reviews that cover the most recent advances in the use of natural compounds for cancer treatment, and provide new objectives and advice for future research in the field of biological activity of natural compounds.
resveratrol --- miR-663 --- inflammation --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- animal model --- treatment --- bladder cancer --- epidemiology --- green tea --- probiotics --- synbiotics --- microbiome --- microbiota --- colorectal cancer --- Momordica cochinchinensis --- Gac --- seeds --- saponins --- trypsin inhibitors --- phenolics --- anticancer --- antioxidant --- extraction --- freeze dried extract --- royal jelly --- adverse events --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- renal cell carcinoma --- double-blinded --- randomized clinical trial --- cancer --- natural compound --- synergy --- xenohormesis --- polypharmacology --- resveratrol --- epigenetic --- methylation --- acetylation --- sulforaphane --- epigenetic --- 5-aza-2’-deoxycytine --- melanoma --- n/a
Choose an application
Marine biotoxins may pose a threat to the human consumption of seafood and seafood products. The increasing global trade and higher demand for seafood products worldwide represents a challenge for food safety authorities, policy makers, food business operators, and the scientific community, in particular, researchers devoted to environmental sciences, toxicology, and analytical chemistry. In addition, due to changes in climate conditions and technological developments, new and emerging marine toxins are being detected in regions where they were previously unknown. This Special Issue highlight studies aiming to the develop detection methods for marine biotoxins for better understanding the dynamics of accumulation/elimination of marine biotoxins and their effects on marine organisms, as well as toxin exposure studies that aim to evaluate the risks associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood.
okadaic acid --- sydowinin A --- sydowinol --- alamethicin --- patulin --- gliotoxin --- combination index --- synergy --- domoic acid --- immunoaffinity column --- purification --- ultrahigh high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry --- shellfish --- Alexandrium catenella --- PSP outbreak --- Mesodesma donacium --- mass mortality --- southern Chile --- greater blue-ringed octopus --- Hapalochlaena lunulata --- posterior salivary gland --- paralytic toxicity --- Ishigaki Island --- tetrodotoxin --- LC-MS --- chronic exposure --- environmental neurotoxin --- serum biomarker --- seafood toxin --- algal toxin --- marine biotoxin --- Paralytic shellfish toxin --- warming --- fish --- seafood safety --- ecotoxicological responses --- saxitoxin --- harmful algal blooms --- biotransformation --- uptake --- depuration --- assimilation --- shellfish --- Perna viridis --- Alexandrium --- n/a
Choose an application
Organophosphorus chemistry is an important discipline within organic chemistry. Phosphorus compounds, such as phosphines, trialkyl phosphites, phosphine oxides (chalcogenides), phosphonates, phosphinates and >P(O)H species, etc., may be important starting materials or intermediates in syntheses. Let us mention the Wittig reaction and the related transformations, the Arbuzov- and the Pudovik reactions, the Kabachnik–Fields condensation, the Hirao reaction, the Mitsunobu reaction, etc. Other reactions, e.g., homogeneous catalytic transformations or C-C coupling reactions involve P-ligands in transition metal (Pt, Pd, etc.) complex catalysts. The synthesis of chiral organophosphorus compounds means a continuous challenge. Methods have been elaborated for the resolution of tertiary phosphine oxides and for stereoselective organophosphorus transformations. P-heterocyclic compounds, including aromatic and bridged derivatives, P-functionalized macrocycles, dendrimers and low coordinated P-fragments, are also of interest. An important segment of organophosphorus chemistry is the pool of biologically-active compounds that are searched and used as drugs, or as plant-protecting agents. The natural analogue of P-compounds may also be mentioned. Many new phosphine oxides, phosphinates, phosphonates and phosphoric esters have been described, which may find application on a broad scale. Phase transfer catalysis, ionic liquids and detergents also have connections to phosphorus chemistry. Green chemical aspects of organophosphorus chemistry (e.g., microwave-assisted syntheses, solvent-free accomplishments, optimizations, and atom-efficient syntheses) represent a dynamically developing field. Last, but not least, theoretical approaches and computational chemistry are also a strong sub-discipline within organophosphorus chemistry.
amino acids --- aminophosphonic acids --- 1-aminoalkylphosphonic acids --- 1-(acylamino)alkylphosphonic acids --- 31P NMR spectra of intermediates --- hydrolytic deacylation --- synergy --- 1,3-azaphospholes --- Diels-Alder reaction --- electrophilic substitution --- DFT calculations --- ?-hydroxyphosphonate --- Pudovik reaction --- O-derivatization --- oxidation --- substitution --- rearrangement --- hydrolysis --- dialkyl H-phosphonates --- alcoholysis --- transesterification --- microwave --- continuous flow reactor --- organophosphorus chemistry --- phosphonium salts --- ?-amidoalkylating agents --- N-acyliminium cation --- N-acylimine --- diphosphines --- electronic parameters --- DFT --- QTAIM --- triple-decker --- cyclo-P5 --- weakly coordinating --- molybdenum --- silver --- copper --- bis(phosphane) palladium complex --- metallacycle --- NORPHOS --- allylic alkylation --- asymmetric catalysis --- chiral phosphines --- C-H bond activation --- polycyclic compounds --- stereoselective synthesis --- DFT calculations --- phosphonic acids --- aminophosphonic acids --- phosphonocarboxylic acids --- NMR-controlled titration --- dissociation constants --- stability constants --- dynamic and specific NMR parameters --- phosphorylation --- dinucleotides --- organophosphorus chemistry --- mechanochemistry --- dry eye syndrome --- diquafosol --- denufosol
Choose an application
Natural products hold a prominent position in the current discovery and development of drugs and have diverse indications for both human and animal health. Plants, in particular, play a leading role as a source of specialized metabolites with medical effects. Other organisms, such as marine and terrestrial animals and microorganisms, produce very important drug candidate molecules. Specialized metabolites from these varied natural sources can be used directly as bioactive compounds or drug precursors. In addition, due to their broad chemical diversity, they can act as drug prototypes and/or be used as pharmacological tools for different targets. Some examples of natural metabolites that have been developed into useful medical drug are cardiotonic digoxin from Digitalis sp., antimalarial artemisinin from Artemisia annua, anti-cancer taxol from Taxus sp., or podophyllotoxin from Podophyllum peltatum, which served as a synthetic model for the anti-cancer etoposide. The study of natural products is still attracting great scientific attention and their current importance, as a valuable lead for drug discovery, is undebatable. I cordially invite authors to contribute original articles, as well as survey articles, that give the readers of Molecules **MOLECULES NEEDS TO BE ITALICIZED** updated and new perspectives on natural products in drug discovery, including but not limited to natural sources, identification and separation of bioactive phytochemicals, standardization, new biological targets, pre-clinical and clinical trials, pharmacological effects/side effects, and bioassays.
cytotoxicity-guided --- phenolic derivatives --- Dryopteris fragrans --- chemical derivatization --- immuno-regulation activity --- Imperata cylindrica --- HPLC --- ESI-MS/MS --- growth inhibitory activity --- cancer --- cardamonin --- antinociceptive --- TRPV1 --- glutamate --- opioid --- siphonous green algae --- sulfated coumarins --- Dasycladus vermicularis --- isolation and quantification --- Orobanche s.l. --- Orobanchaceae --- Lamiales --- natural products --- secondary metabolites --- phenylpropanoid glycosides --- phenylethanoid glycosides --- bioactivities of natural products --- chemosystematics --- FSE --- T2DM --- GLUT4 --- Ca2+ --- L6 cell --- marine peptides --- proliferation --- migration --- angiogenesis --- zebrafish --- antioxidant activity --- flavonoids --- isoflavones --- phenolics --- proanthocyanidins --- Trifolium --- Leea indica --- HPLC-ESI-microTOF-Q-MS/MS --- phenolics --- dihydrochalcones --- Humulus lupulus --- prenylated phenolic compounds --- antimicrobial agents --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- Leishmania mexicana mexicana --- Trypanosoma brucei brucei --- Astragalus boeticus L. --- spectroscopic analysis --- cytotoxic activity --- human colon cancer cell lines --- acetylated astragalosides --- Fabaceae --- aging --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- dementia --- diabetes --- inflammation --- oxidative stress --- Harpagophytum procumbens --- devil’s claw --- harpagoside --- spagyric tincture --- antioxidant activity --- Cleistocalyx operculatus --- 2?,4?-dihydroxy-6?-methoxy-3?,5?-dimethylchalcone (DMC) --- pPancreatic cancer --- PANC-1 --- ACE inhibitory peptide --- antihypertensive --- bioactive peptides --- hypertension --- marine resources --- terpenes --- terpenoids --- antimicrobial resistance --- synergy --- Phyllanthus orbicularis --- C-glycoside --- flavonoid --- natural products --- traditional medicine --- Cuba --- Phyllanthus chamacristoides --- chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- NMR --- circular dichroism --- stereochemistry --- Fideloside --- cytokines --- anti-inflammatory activity --- metabolomics --- multivariate data analysis --- molecular network --- Bacopa monnieri --- LC-MS --- diabetic neuropathy --- neuropathic pain --- glucosinolates --- Eruca sativa --- glucoerucin --- H2S --- Kv7 potassium channels --- artemisinin --- Physcomitrella patens --- sesquiterpenoids --- malaria --- biotechnology --- ketamine --- psychosis --- cerebellum --- celastrol --- oxidative stress --- NADPH oxidases --- n/a
Listing 1 - 10 of 10 |
Sort by
|