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The auditory perception of sounds (environmental, vocal or music) is one of the 5 principal senses consciously monitored by our brains, and is crucial for many human endeavors as well as quality of life. Loss of optimal performance in this principal sensory system leads to loss of effective communication and intimacy, as well as increased risk of isolation, depression, cognitive decline, and greater vulnerability to predators.The vestibular system ensures that individuals remain upright and effectively monitor their posture within their spatial surroundings, move effectively, and remain focused on visual targets during motion. The loss of vestibular sensitivity results in postural instability, falls, inability to observe the environment during motion, and a debilitating incapacity to function effectively. The sensory cells for both auditory and vestibular systems are located within the inner ear of the temporal bulla.There are many causes of auditory and vestibular deficits, including congenital (or genetic) events, trauma, aging and loud sound exposures. Ototoxicity refers to damage of the auditory or vestibular structures or functions, as the result of exposure to certain pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and/or ionizing radiation exposure that damage the inner ear. Ototoxicity is a major contributor to acquired hearing loss and vestibular deficits, and is entirely preventable.In 2009, the United States Department of Defense initiated the Hearing Center of Excellence (HCE), headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, in response to the prevalence of acquired auditory and vestibular deficits in military and veteran populations. The knowledge shared in this eBook supports the HCE’s mandate to improve aural protection of military and civilian populations worldwide.The last few years have seen significant advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying ototoxic drug-induced hearing loss and vestibular deficits. In this eBook, we present some of these advances and highlight gaps where further research is needed. Selected articles discuss candidate otoprotective agents that can ameliorate the effects of ototoxicity in the context of how they illustrate cellular mechanisms of ototoxicity. Our goal in illustrating these advances in mechanisms of ototoxicity is to accelerate the development of clinical therapies that prevent or reverse this debilitating disorder.

otoprotection --- aminoglycosides --- cisplatin --- blood-labyrinth barrier --- ototoxic synergy --- sensory disorders --- neurotoxicity

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This open access book addresses three themes which have been central to Leydesdorff's research: (1) the dynamics of science, technology, and innovation; (2) the scientometric operationalization of these concept; and (3) the elaboration in terms of a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations. In this study, I discuss the relations among these themes. Using Luhmann's social-systems theory for modelling meaning processing and Shannon's theory for information processing, I show that synergy can add new options to an innovation system as redundancy. The capacity to develop new options is more important for innovation than past performance. Entertaining a model of possible future states makes a knowledge-based system increasingly anticipatory. The trade-off between the incursion of future states on the historical developments can be measured using the Triple-Helix synergy indicator. This is shown, for example, for the Italian national and regional systems of innovation.

Research Methodology --- Knowledge - Discourse --- Communication Studies --- Market Research/Competitive Intelligence --- Semantics --- Sociological Methods --- Biotechnology --- Media and Communication --- Marketing --- Linguistics --- Triple-Helix synergy --- A calculus of redundancy --- horizons of meaning --- anticipatory systems --- operationalisation and measurement --- neo-evolutionary --- social-systems theory --- entropy statistics --- open access --- Social research & statistics --- Sociology --- Market research --- Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics

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This Special Issue on “Beverage Sensory Modification” presents a series of articles that feature the broad sense of sensory modification with regards to beverages, either by improving their flavor, taste, and mouthfeel properties, or through prevention of spoilage. The scope goes further than the usual technological measures that modulate sensory properties and includes psychological and cross-modal influences, where the sensory modification occurs in the subject’s brain rather than as a result of modified physical–chemical properties of objects.

closure type --- opening sounds --- wine perception --- expectations --- packaging --- glass swirling --- glass shape --- nonequilibrium conditions --- oxygen sensor --- wine tasting --- whey --- pivot profile --- CATA --- fermented beverage --- cross-modal correspondence --- shape --- taste --- beverage --- flavan-3-ols --- reduction --- oxidation --- wine aging --- oxidative stability --- clarification --- temporal profile --- time–intensity evaluation --- sweetener --- coffee beverage --- water solution --- untrained panelist --- wine --- spoilage --- Brettanomyces --- Dekkera --- volatile phenols --- off-flavors --- cross-modality --- taste-aroma interactions --- sweetness enhancement --- vanilla flavor --- flavored milk --- sugar --- isoboles --- synergy --- n/a

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Marine biotoxins may pose a threat to the human consumption of seafood and seafood products. The increasing global trade and higher demand for seafood products worldwide represents a challenge for food safety authorities, policy makers, food business operators, and the scientific community, in particular, researchers devoted to environmental sciences, toxicology, and analytical chemistry. In addition, due to changes in climate conditions and technological developments, new and emerging marine toxins are being detected in regions where they were previously unknown. This Special Issue highlight studies aiming to the develop detection methods for marine biotoxins for better understanding the dynamics of accumulation/elimination of marine biotoxins and their effects on marine organisms, as well as toxin exposure studies that aim to evaluate the risks associated with the consumption of contaminated seafood.

okadaic acid --- sydowinin A --- sydowinol --- alamethicin --- patulin --- gliotoxin --- combination index --- synergy --- domoic acid --- immunoaffinity column --- purification --- ultrahigh high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry --- shellfish --- Alexandrium catenella --- PSP outbreak --- Mesodesma donacium --- mass mortality --- southern Chile --- greater blue-ringed octopus --- Hapalochlaena lunulata --- posterior salivary gland --- paralytic toxicity --- Ishigaki Island --- tetrodotoxin --- LC-MS --- chronic exposure --- environmental neurotoxin --- serum biomarker --- seafood toxin --- algal toxin --- marine biotoxin --- Paralytic shellfish toxin --- warming --- fish --- seafood safety --- ecotoxicological responses --- saxitoxin --- harmful algal blooms --- biotransformation --- uptake --- depuration --- assimilation --- shellfish --- Perna viridis --- Alexandrium --- n/a

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Natural products hold a prominent position in the current discovery and development of drugs and have diverse indications for both human and animal health. Plants, in particular, play a leading role as a source of specialized metabolites with medical effects. Other organisms, such as marine and terrestrial animals and microorganisms, produce very important drug candidate molecules. Specialized metabolites from these varied natural sources can be used directly as bioactive compounds or drug precursors. In addition, due to their broad chemical diversity, they can act as drug prototypes and/or be used as pharmacological tools for different targets. Some examples of natural metabolites that have been developed into useful medical drug are cardiotonic digoxin from Digitalis sp., antimalarial artemisinin from Artemisia annua, anti-cancer taxol from Taxus sp., or podophyllotoxin from Podophyllum peltatum, which served as a synthetic model for the anti-cancer etoposide. The study of natural products is still attracting great scientific attention and their current importance, as a valuable lead for drug discovery, is undebatable. I cordially invite authors to contribute original articles, as well as survey articles, that give the readers of Molecules **MOLECULES NEEDS TO BE ITALICIZED** updated and new perspectives on natural products in drug discovery, including but not limited to natural sources, identification and separation of bioactive phytochemicals, standardization, new biological targets, pre-clinical and clinical trials, pharmacological effects/side effects, and bioassays.

cytotoxicity-guided --- phenolic derivatives --- Dryopteris fragrans --- chemical derivatization --- immuno-regulation activity --- Imperata cylindrica --- HPLC --- ESI-MS/MS --- growth inhibitory activity --- cancer --- cardamonin --- antinociceptive --- TRPV1 --- glutamate --- opioid --- siphonous green algae --- sulfated coumarins --- Dasycladus vermicularis --- isolation and quantification --- Orobanche s.l. --- Orobanchaceae --- Lamiales --- natural products --- secondary metabolites --- phenylpropanoid glycosides --- phenylethanoid glycosides --- bioactivities of natural products --- chemosystematics --- FSE --- T2DM --- GLUT4 --- Ca2+ --- L6 cell --- marine peptides --- proliferation --- migration --- angiogenesis --- zebrafish --- antioxidant activity --- flavonoids --- isoflavones --- phenolics --- proanthocyanidins --- Trifolium --- Leea indica --- HPLC-ESI-microTOF-Q-MS/MS --- phenolics --- dihydrochalcones --- Humulus lupulus --- prenylated phenolic compounds --- antimicrobial agents --- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus --- Leishmania mexicana mexicana --- Trypanosoma brucei brucei --- Astragalus boeticus L. --- spectroscopic analysis --- cytotoxic activity --- human colon cancer cell lines --- acetylated astragalosides --- Fabaceae --- aging --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- dementia --- diabetes --- inflammation --- oxidative stress --- Harpagophytum procumbens --- devil’s claw --- harpagoside --- spagyric tincture --- antioxidant activity --- Cleistocalyx operculatus --- 2?,4?-dihydroxy-6?-methoxy-3?,5?-dimethylchalcone (DMC) --- pPancreatic cancer --- PANC-1 --- ACE inhibitory peptide --- antihypertensive --- bioactive peptides --- hypertension --- marine resources --- terpenes --- terpenoids --- antimicrobial resistance --- synergy --- Phyllanthus orbicularis --- C-glycoside --- flavonoid --- natural products --- traditional medicine --- Cuba --- Phyllanthus chamacristoides --- chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- NMR --- circular dichroism --- stereochemistry --- Fideloside --- cytokines --- anti-inflammatory activity --- metabolomics --- multivariate data analysis --- molecular network --- Bacopa monnieri --- LC-MS --- diabetic neuropathy --- neuropathic pain --- glucosinolates --- Eruca sativa --- glucoerucin --- H2S --- Kv7 potassium channels --- artemisinin --- Physcomitrella patens --- sesquiterpenoids --- malaria --- biotechnology --- ketamine --- psychosis --- cerebellum --- celastrol --- oxidative stress --- NADPH oxidases --- n/a