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The auditory perception of sounds (environmental, vocal or music) is one of the 5 principal senses consciously monitored by our brains, and is crucial for many human endeavors as well as quality of life. Loss of optimal performance in this principal sensory system leads to loss of effective communication and intimacy, as well as increased risk of isolation, depression, cognitive decline, and greater vulnerability to predators.The vestibular system ensures that individuals remain upright and effectively monitor their posture within their spatial surroundings, move effectively, and remain focused on visual targets during motion. The loss of vestibular sensitivity results in postural instability, falls, inability to observe the environment during motion, and a debilitating incapacity to function effectively. The sensory cells for both auditory and vestibular systems are located within the inner ear of the temporal bulla.There are many causes of auditory and vestibular deficits, including congenital (or genetic) events, trauma, aging and loud sound exposures. Ototoxicity refers to damage of the auditory or vestibular structures or functions, as the result of exposure to certain pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and/or ionizing radiation exposure that damage the inner ear. Ototoxicity is a major contributor to acquired hearing loss and vestibular deficits, and is entirely preventable.In 2009, the United States Department of Defense initiated the Hearing Center of Excellence (HCE), headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, in response to the prevalence of acquired auditory and vestibular deficits in military and veteran populations. The knowledge shared in this eBook supports the HCE’s mandate to improve aural protection of military and civilian populations worldwide.The last few years have seen significant advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying ototoxic drug-induced hearing loss and vestibular deficits. In this eBook, we present some of these advances and highlight gaps where further research is needed. Selected articles discuss candidate otoprotective agents that can ameliorate the effects of ototoxicity in the context of how they illustrate cellular mechanisms of ototoxicity. Our goal in illustrating these advances in mechanisms of ototoxicity is to accelerate the development of clinical therapies that prevent or reverse this debilitating disorder.

otoprotection --- aminoglycosides --- cisplatin --- blood-labyrinth barrier --- ototoxic synergy --- sensory disorders --- neurotoxicity

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As the ultimate information processing device, the brain naturally lends itself to being studied with information theory. The application of information theory to neuroscience has spurred the development of principled theories of brain function, and has led to advances in the study of consciousness, as well as to the development of analytical techniques to crack the neural code—that is, to unveil the language used by neurons to encode and process information. In particular, advances in experimental techniques enabling the precise recording and manipulation of neural activity on a large scale now enable for the first time the precise formulation and the quantitative testing of hypotheses about how the brain encodes and transmits the information used for specific functions across areas. This Special Issue presents twelve original contributions on novel approaches in neuroscience using information theory, and on the development of new information theoretic results inspired by problems in neuroscience.

neural network --- Potts model --- latching --- recursion --- functional connectome --- graph theoretical analysis --- eigenvector centrality --- orderness --- network eigen-entropy --- information entropy production --- discrete Markov chains --- spike train statistics --- Gibbs measures --- maximum entropy principle --- pulse-gating --- channel capacity --- neural coding --- feedforward networks --- neural information propagation --- information theory --- mutual information decomposition --- synergy --- redundancy --- integrated information theory --- integrated information --- minimum information partition --- submodularity --- Queyranne’s algorithm --- consciousness --- maximum entropy --- higher-order correlations --- neural population coding --- Ising model --- brain network --- complex networks --- connectome --- information theory --- graph theory --- free-energy principle --- internal model hypothesis --- unconscious inference --- infomax principle --- independent component analysis --- principal component analysis --- goodness --- categorical perception --- perceptual magnet --- information theory --- perceived similarity --- mutual information --- synergy --- redundancy --- neural code --- hippocampus --- entorhinal cortex --- navigation --- neural code --- representation --- decoding --- spike-time precision --- discrimination --- noise correlations --- information theory --- mismatched decoding --- information theory --- neuroscience

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Cancer remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although many pharmacological and clinical advances have been made, there is a constant need for new molecules to improve the overall options for treatment. Natural compounds from animal, microbial, vegetal, or fungal origin represent countless sources of new compounds that can be used as anticancer drugs, provided their activity, bioavailability, and toxicity are adequate. This book aims to compile both original articles and reviews that cover the most recent advances in the use of natural compounds for cancer treatment, and provide new objectives and advice for future research in the field of biological activity of natural compounds.

resveratrol --- miR-663 --- inflammation --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- animal model --- treatment --- bladder cancer --- epidemiology --- green tea --- probiotics --- synbiotics --- microbiome --- microbiota --- colorectal cancer --- Momordica cochinchinensis --- Gac --- seeds --- saponins --- trypsin inhibitors --- phenolics --- anticancer --- antioxidant --- extraction --- freeze dried extract --- royal jelly --- adverse events --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- renal cell carcinoma --- double-blinded --- randomized clinical trial --- cancer --- natural compound --- synergy --- xenohormesis --- polypharmacology --- resveratrol --- epigenetic --- methylation --- acetylation --- sulforaphane --- epigenetic --- 5-aza-2’-deoxycytine --- melanoma --- n/a