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Advances in materials are crucial to the development of sports equipment, from tennis rackets to skis to running shoes. Materials-driven improvements in equipment have helped athletes perform better, while enhancing safety and making sport more accessible and enjoyable. This book brings together a collection of 10 papers on the topic of sports materials, as published in a Special Issue of Applied Sciences. The papers within this book cover a range of sports, including golf, tennis, table tennis and baseball. State-of-the-art engineering techniques, such as finite element modelling, impact testing and full-field strain measurement, are applied to help further our understanding of sports equipment mechanics and the role of materials, with a view to improving performance, enhancing safety and facilitating informed regulatory decision making. The book also includes papers that describe emerging and novel materials, including auxetic materials with their negative Poisson’s ratio (fattening when stretched) and knits made of bamboo charcoal. This collection of papers should serve as a useful resource for sports engineers working in both academia and industry, as well as engineering students who are interested in sports equipment and materials.

quick-dry yarn --- bamboo charcoal yarn --- mechanical properties --- sportswear textiles --- functional composite yarns --- auxetic foam --- helmet --- concussion --- sport --- protection --- impact attenuation --- strain --- strain rate --- rubber --- tennis --- impact --- digital image correlation --- strain propagation --- torsion --- golf --- shaft --- clubhead --- robot --- cannon --- shockpad --- artificial turf --- rubber --- finite element analysis --- impact --- injury --- impact --- indentation --- comfort --- protective equipment --- negative Poisson’s ratio --- foam --- textiles --- additive manufacturing --- finite element modelling --- auxetic --- sports safety --- impact testing --- foam protective mats --- EFG method --- baseball --- bat --- Charpy --- finite element --- impact --- wood --- impact --- polymer --- rate dependence --- architecture --- friction --- finite elements --- baseball --- bat --- durability --- finite element --- impact --- slope of grain --- wood --- n/a

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This thematic issue on advanced simulation tools applied to materials development and design predictions gathers selected extended papers related to power generation systems, presented at the XIX International Colloquium on Mechanical Fatigue of Metals (ICMFM XIX), organized at University of Porto, Portugal, in 2018. In this issue, the limits of the current generation of materials are explored, which are continuously being reached according to the frontier of hostile environments, whether in the aerospace, nuclear, or petrochemistry industry, or in the design of gas turbines where efficiency of energy production and transformation demands increased temperatures and pressures. Thus, advanced methods and applications for theoretical, numerical, and experimental contributions that address these issues on failure mechanism modeling and simulation of materials are covered. As the Guest Editors, we would like to thank all the authors who submitted papers to this Special Issue. All the papers published were peer-reviewed by experts in the field whose comments helped to improve the quality of the edition. We also would like to thank the Editorial Board of Materials for their assistance in managing this Special Issue.

Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics --- sintering temperature --- crack propagation --- mechanical properties --- indentation behavior --- laser shock peening --- dual-phase TC11 titanium alloy --- ultrahigh strain-rate plastic deformation --- nanocrystallization --- amorphization --- lithium-ion batteries --- copper current collector --- first-principles method --- adsorption --- fatigue crack growth --- mean stress effect --- J-integral --- energy approach --- generalized Paris’ Law --- crack growth rate --- R-ratio --- turbine blisk --- low cycle fatigue life --- reliability analysis --- generalized regression neural network --- extremum response surface method --- wind turbine blade --- full-scale static test --- PSO-BP Neural Network --- strain prediction --- hot extrusion --- fatigue development --- aluminum chip solid state recycling --- intermittent computed tomography --- alternating current potential drop (ACPD) --- AISI 304 --- polyurea --- composite coating --- impact resistance --- adhesion --- delamination --- fatigue --- fuzzy theory --- multi-extremum response surface method --- bladed disk --- fatigue creep --- probabilistic optimization --- damage/degradation --- failure mechanisms --- probabilistic physics --- advanced testing and statistics --- materials technology --- power generation systems and technologies --- mixed-mode fracture --- fatigue crack growth --- crack growth rate --- finite element analysis --- crack paths --- crack closure --- fractography

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In several industrial fields (such as automotive, steelmaking, aerospace, and fire protection systems) metals need to withstand a combination of cyclic loadings and high temperatures. In this condition, they usually exhibit an amount—more or less pronounced—of plastic deformation, often accompanied by creep or stress-relaxation phenomena. Plastic deformation under the action of cyclic loadings may cause fatigue cracks to appear, eventually leading to failures after a few cycles. In estimating the material strength under such loading conditions, the high-temperature material behavior needs to be considered against cyclic loading and creep, the experimental strength to isothermal/non-isothermal cyclic loadings and, not least of all, the choice and experimental calibration of numerical material models and the selection of the most comprehensive design approach. This book is a series of recent scientific contributions addressing several topics in the field of experimental characterization and physical-based modeling of material behavior and design methods against high-temperature loadings, with emphasis on the correlation between microstructure and strength. Several material types are considered, from stainless steel, aluminum alloys, Ni-based superalloys, spheroidal graphite iron, and copper alloys. The quality of scientific contributions in this book can assist scholars and scientists with their research in the field of metal plasticity, creep, and low-cycle fatigue.

creep fatigue --- pure fatigue --- economy --- engineering design --- aluminum cast --- fatigue strength --- defects --- hardness --- tensile tests --- elevated temperature --- stainless steel --- environmentally-assisted cracking --- creep --- transient effects --- Sanicro 25 --- high temperature steels --- thermal–mechanical fatigue --- probabilistic design --- constitutive models --- fatigue criterion --- experimental set-ups --- LCF --- René80 --- Probabilistic modeling --- slip system-based shear stresses --- probabilistic Schmid factors --- polycrystalline FEA --- anisotropy --- Ni-base superalloy --- aluminum-silicon cylinder head --- lost foam --- pore accumulation --- pore distribution --- thermomechanical fatigue --- X-ray micro computer tomography --- cyclic plasticity --- kinematic model --- isotropic model --- hardening/softening --- thermo-mechanical fatigue --- spheroidal cast iron --- partial constraint --- crack growth models --- crack-tip cyclic plasticity --- crack-tip blunting and sharpening --- stress relaxation aging behavior --- pre-strain --- initial stress levels --- temperature --- constitutive modelling --- AA7150-T7751 --- flow stress --- activation volume --- strain rate --- temperature --- bcc --- n/a

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The papers collected in this special issue clearly reflect the modern research trends in materials science. These fields of specific attention are high-Mn TWIP steels, high-Cr heat resistant steels, aluminum alloys, ultrafine grained materials including those developed by severe plastic deformation, and high-entropy alloys. The major portion of the collected papers is focused on the mechanisms of microstructure evolution and the mechanical properties of metallic materials subjected to various thermo-mechanical, deformation or heat treatments. Another large portion of the studies is aimed on the elaboration of alloying design of advanced steels and alloys. The changes in phase content, transformation and particle precipitation and their effect on the properties are also broadly presented in this collection, including the microstructure/property changes caused by irradiation.

Mg–Sm–Zn–Zr --- dynamic precipitation --- microstructure --- mechanical property --- bimodal ferrite steel --- ultrafine-grained microstructure --- mechanical properties --- corrosion resistance --- abnormal grain growth --- grain boundary engineering --- electron backscattered diffraction --- growth rate --- Al metal matrix composites --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- strengthening mechanism --- hot compression --- dynamic recovery --- dynamic recrystallization --- texture --- aluminum alloys --- Al-Fe-Si-Zr system --- microstructure --- hardness --- electrical conductivity --- metal–matrix composite --- high-pressure torsion --- microstructure evolution --- microhardness --- shape memory alloy --- columnar grain --- Cu-Al-Mn --- elastocaloric effect --- strain rate --- measuring temperature --- creep --- lead-free solder --- Sb solder --- Sn-8.0Sb-3.0Ag --- solder microstructure --- martensitic steels --- creep --- precipitation --- electron microscopy --- high-Mn TWIP steel --- cold rolling --- annealing --- recovery --- recrystallization --- strengthening --- austenitic 304 stainless steels --- sub-merged arc welding --- post-weld heat treatment --- aluminum alloys --- aging --- precipitation --- electrical resistivity --- mechanical properties --- ferritic steel --- irradiation --- nanoindentation --- hardness --- transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- microstructure --- high-entropy alloys --- high-pressure torsion --- microstructure evolution --- twinning --- mechanical properties --- welded rotor --- weld metal --- impact toughness --- PWHT --- microstructure evolution --- Cu-Cr-Zr --- precipitation --- orientation relationship --- recrystallization --- annealing twins --- structural steel plate --- nonmetallic inclusions --- rare earth control --- M23C6 --- ion irradiation --- M6C --- amorphization --- RAFM steels --- hot stamping --- press hardening --- martensitic expansion --- force peak --- cycle time --- high-Mn steel --- deformation twinning --- dynamic recrystallization --- grain refinement --- work hardening --- in situ tensile testing --- super duplex stainless steel --- SDSS --- low-temperature --- ?-phase --- SEM --- EBSD --- microstructure analysis --- n/a

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The Special Issue ‘Physical Metallurgy of High Manganese Steels’ addresses the highly fascinating class of manganese-alloyed steels with manganese contents well above 3 mass%. The book gathers manuscripts from internationally recognized researchers with stimulating new ideas and original results. It consists of fifteen original research papers. Seven contributions focus on steels with manganese contents above 12 mass%. These contributions cover fundamental aspects of process-microstrcuture-properties relationships with processes ranging from cold and warm rolling over deep rolling to heat treatment. Novel findings regarding the fatigue and fracture behavior, deformation mechanisms, and computer-aided design are presented. Additionally, the Special Issue also reflects the current trend of reduced Mn content (3-12 mass%) in advanced high strength steels (AHSS). Eight contributions were dedicated to these alloys, which are often referred to as 3rd generation AHSS, medium manganese steels or quenching and partitioning (Q&P/Q+P) steels. The interplay between advanced processing, mainly novel annealing variants, and microstructure evolution has been addressed using computational and experimental approaches. A deeper understanding of strain-rate sensitivity, hydrogen embrittlement, phase transformations, and the consequences for the materials’ properties has been developed. Hence, the topics included are manifold, fundamental-science oriented and, at the same time, relevant to industrial application.

medium-manganese steel --- TRIP --- strain-rate sensitivity --- Lüders band --- serrated flow --- in-situ DIC tensile tests --- TWIP steel --- deformation twinning --- serrated flow --- dynamic strain aging --- damage --- fracture --- medium-manganese --- forging --- austenite reversion --- mechanical properties --- microstructure --- D&amp --- P steel --- processing --- microstructure --- phase transformation --- dislocation density --- mechanical properties --- MMn steel X20CrNiMnVN18-5-10 --- V alloying --- corrosion resistance --- precipitations --- ultrafine grains --- high-manganese steels --- high-entropy alloys --- alloy design --- plastic deformation --- annealing --- microstructure --- texture --- mechanical properties --- neutron diffraction --- austenite stability --- medium manganese steel --- double soaking --- localized deformation --- medium-Mn steel --- hot-stamping --- double soaking --- continuous annealing --- quenching and partitioning --- high strength steel --- high manganese steel --- crash box --- lightweight --- multiscale simulation --- high-Mn steels --- twinning induced plasticity --- cold rolling --- recrystallization annealing --- grain refinement --- strengthening --- austenitic high nitrogen steel (HNS) --- cold deformation --- fatigue --- high manganese steel --- warm rolling --- processing --- microstructure --- texture --- mechanical properties --- deformation behavior --- high-manganese steel --- deep rolling --- TWIP --- TRIP --- near surface properties --- residual stresses --- fatigue behavior --- intercritical annealing --- medium manganese steel --- phase field simulation --- medium-Mn steel --- austenite-reversed-transformation --- retained austenite --- hydrogen embrittlement --- ultrafine-grained microstructure --- strain-hardening behavior --- n/a