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The representation of the Earth's surface in global monitoring and forecasting applications is moving towards capturing more of the relevant processes, while maintaining elevated computational efficiency and therefore a moderate complexity. These schemes are developed and continuously improved thanks to well instrumented field-sites that can observe coupled processes occurring at the surface–atmosphere interface (e.g., forest, grassland, cropland areas and diverse climate zones). Approaching global kilometer-scale resolutions, in situ observations alone cannot fulfil the modelling needs, and the use of satellite observation becomes essential to guide modelling innovation and to calibrate and validate new parameterization schemes that can support data assimilation applications. In this book, we review some of the recent contributions, highlighting how satellite data are used to inform Earth surface model development (vegetation state and seasonality, soil moisture conditions, surface temperature and turbulent fluxes, land-use change detection, agricultural indicators and irrigation) when moving towards global km-scale resolutions.
CDOM --- absorption coefficient --- QAA inversion --- GOCI --- Changjiang (Yangtze) estuary --- BRDF --- RTTOV --- MODIS --- MCD43C1 --- microwave remote sensing --- soil moisture --- Maqu network --- penetration depth --- soil effective temperature --- emissivity --- infrared --- surface --- land --- hyperspectral --- radiation --- emissivity --- infrared --- surface --- land --- radiation --- hyperspectral --- emissivity --- variational retrieval --- surface parameters --- broadband emissivity --- infrared --- surface --- land --- radiation --- Bayesian bias correction --- satellite rainfall --- rain gauge --- East Africa --- surface soil moisture, land-surface model, satellite data, representative depth, temporal autocorrelation --- earth-observations --- earth system modelling --- direct and inverse methods --- n/a
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Acquiring knowledge is a life-long process; we constantly need to keep abreast of developments and progress in science and other disciplines. Embracing a scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL) means practicing constant self-reflection, involving evaluation of the academic career and the ways in which strategies are designed to examine, interpret, and share learning about teaching. This practice not only yields benefits to the lecturer but also enriches the scholarly community in the discipline. In general, SoTL is regarded as a vibrant practice of ongoing self-criticism and sharing, which results in accumulated teaching experiences for teachers, students, and the teaching community at large. This book is a contribution from authors sharing their experiences, how their teaching portfolios reflect their personal development as teachers, and how their teaching experiences are embedded in the scholarship of teaching and learning.
sustainability --- Green Engineering --- curriculum development --- chemical education --- engineering education --- improving classroom teaching --- simulations --- teaching/learning strategies --- GIS --- learning tool --- open source software --- satellite data --- crystal system --- Bravais lattices --- spatial abilities --- didactic virtual resources --- didactic virtual tools --- design --- active methodology --- hidden curriculum --- engineering --- faculty --- professionalization --- mixed-methods --- critical theoretical frameworks --- anti-deficit approach --- engineering education research --- critical pedagogy --- inductive methods --- re-thinking the teaching --- viscometer --- systems engineering --- education --- role-play --- self-reflection --- reverse engineering --- active learning --- CDIO --- learning activity --- high school --- engineering curriculum --- STEM --- service-learning --- project-based learning --- underrepresented minorities --- outcomes --- ternary phase diagrams --- spatial visualization --- PDF-3D --- engineering education --- education --- engineering --- evaluation --- survey --- feedback --- moderation --- pass rate --- module
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Evapotranspiration (ET) is a critical component of the water and energy balances, and the number of remote sensing-based ET products and estimation methods has increased in recent years. Various aspects of remote sensing of ET are reported in the 11 papers published in this book. The major research areas covered by this book include inter-comparison and performance evaluation of widely used one- and two-source energy balance models, a new dual-source model (Soil Plant Atmosphere and Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration, SPARSE), and a process-based model (ETMonitor); assessment of multi-source (e.g., remote sensing, reanalysis, and land surface model) ET products; development or improvement of data fusion frameworks to predict continuous daily ET at a high spatial resolution (field-scale or 30 m) by fusing the advanced spaceborne thermal emission reflectance radiometer (ASTER), the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Landsat data; and investigating uncertainties in ET estimates using an ET ensemble composed of several land surface models and diagnostic datasets. The effects of the differences between ET products on water resources and ecosystem management were also investigated. More accurate ET estimates and improved understanding of remotely sensed ET products are crucial for maximizing crop productivity while minimizing water losses and management costs.
component temperature decomposition --- evapotranspiration partitioning --- two-source energy balance model --- surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) --- evapotranspiration --- yield --- remote sensing --- heterogeneous conditions --- evapotranspiration --- eddy covariance observations --- latent heat flux --- a stratification method --- multi-source --- China --- evapotranspiration --- field-scale --- STARFM --- unmixing-based method --- MPDI-integrated SEBS --- remote sensing --- surface energy balance model --- calibration --- METRIC --- Google Earth Engine --- evapotranspiration --- water stress --- model --- partition --- remote-sensing --- ET --- Thailand --- ETMonitor --- land surface temperature --- Mun river basin --- Chi river basin --- MODIS --- Surface Energy Balance System --- Oklahoma Mesonet --- Eddy-covariance --- evapotranspiration --- fusion --- multi-source satellite data --- Landsat 8 --- MODIS --- SADFAET --- evapotranspiration --- uncertainty --- land surface model --- West Africa --- evapotranspiration --- remote sensing --- Murrumbidgee River catchment --- water resources management --- ecosystem management --- data fusion --- evapotranspiration partitioning --- land surface model --- process-based model --- water stress
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Hydrological extremes have become a major concern because of their devastating consequences and their increased risk as a result of climate change and the growing concentration of people and infrastructure in high-risk zones. The analysis of hydrological extremes is challenging due to their rarity and small sample size, and the interconnections between different types of extremes and becomes further complicated by the untrustworthy representation of meso-scale processes involved in extreme events by coarse spatial and temporal scale models as well as biased or missing observations due to technical difficulties during extreme conditions. The complexity of analyzing hydrological extremes calls for robust statistical methods for the treatment of such events. This Special Issue is motivated by the need to apply and develop innovative stochastic and statistical approaches to analyze hydrological extremes under current and future climate conditions. The papers of this Special Issue focus on six topics associated with hydrological extremes: Historical changes in hydrological extremes; Projected changes in hydrological extremes; Downscaling of hydrological extremes; Early warning and forecasting systems for drought and flood; Interconnections of hydrological extremes; Applicability of satellite data for hydrological studies.
rainfall --- monsoon --- high resolution --- TRMM --- drought prediction --- APCC Multi-Model Ensemble --- seasonal climate forecast --- machine learning --- sparse monitoring network --- Fiji --- drought analysis --- ANN model --- drought indices --- meteorological drought --- SIAP --- SWSI --- hydrological drought --- discrete wavelet --- global warming --- statistical downscaling --- HBV model --- flow regime --- uncertainty --- reservoir inflow forecasting --- artificial neural network --- wavelet artificial neural network --- weighted mean analogue --- variation analogue --- streamflow --- artificial neural network --- simulation --- forecasting --- support vector machine --- evolutionary strategy --- heavy storm --- hyetograph --- temperature --- clausius-clapeyron scaling --- climate change --- the Cauca River --- climate variability --- ENSO --- extreme rainfall --- trends --- statistical downscaling --- random forest --- least square support vector regression --- extreme rainfall --- polynomial normal transform --- multivariate modeling --- sampling errors --- non-normality --- extreme rainfall analysis --- statistical analysis --- hydrological extremes --- stretched Gaussian distribution --- Hurst exponent --- INDC pledge --- precipitation --- extreme events --- extreme precipitation exposure --- non-stationary --- extreme value theory --- uncertainty --- flood regime --- flood management --- Kabul river basin --- Pakistan --- extreme events --- innovative methods --- downscaling --- forecasting --- compound events --- satellite data
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