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This work presents a new approach for a hail loss model to quantify the hail risk on residual buildings for high return periods. Based on the analysis of 3D radar data from 2005 to 2015 a stochastic hail track model is developed to sample a random number of stochastic hail tracks. A detailed vulnerability analysis combines the hazard from the hail tracks and the vulnerability of buildings towards hail and leads to the hail risk for a certain portfolio.

Hagel, Hagelklimatologie, Risikoanalyse, Vulnerabilität, Schadenmodell,Hail, Hail Climatology, Risk analysis, Vulnerability, Loss model

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This book aims to inspire decision makers and practitioners to change their approach to climate planning in the tropics through the application of modern technologies for characterizing local climate and tracking vulnerability and risk, and using decision-making tools. Drawing on 16 case studies conducted mainly in the Caribbean, Central America, Western and Eastern Africa, and South East Asia it is shown how successful integration of traditional and modern knowledge can enhance disaster risk reduction and adaptation to climate change in the tropics. The case studies encompass both rural and urban settings and cover different scales: rural communities, cities, and regions. In addition, the book looks to the future of planning by addressing topics of major importance, including residual risk integration in local development plans, damage insurance and the potential role of climate vulnerability reduction credits. In many regions of the tropics, climate planning is growing but has still very low quality. This book identifies the weaknesses and proposes effective solutions.

climate vulnerability --- urban resilience --- climate change --- adaptation --- planning --- environmental risk analysis --- decision making --- disaster risk reduction --- tropical climate management

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Welfare is a multidimensional concept that can be described as the state of an animal as it copes with the environment. Captive environments can impact farmed animals at different levels, especially fishes, considering their highly complex sensory world. Understanding the ethology of a species is therefore essential to address fish welfare, and the interpretation of behavioral responses in specific rearing contexts (aquaculture or experimental contexts) demands knowledge of their underlying physiological, developmental, functional, and evolutionary mechanisms. In natural environments, the stress response has evolved to help animals survive challenging conditions. However, animals are adapted to deal with natural stressors, while anthropogenic stimuli may represent stressors that fishes are unable to cope with. Under such circumstances, stress responses may be maladaptive and cause severe damage to the animal. As welfare in captivity is affected in multiple dimensions, multiple possible indicators can be used to assess the welfare state of individuals. In the past, research on welfare has been largely focusing on health indicators and predominantly based on physiological stress. Ethological indicators, however, also integrate the mental perspective of the individual and have been gradually assuming an important role in welfare research: behavioral responses to stressors are an early response to adverse conditions, easily observable, and demonstrative of emotional states. Many behavioral indicators can be used as non-invasive measurements of welfare in practical contexts such as aquaculture and experimentation. Presently, research in fish welfare is growing in importance and interest because of the growing economic importance of fish farming, the comparative biology opportunities that experimental fishes provide, and the increasing public sensitivity to welfare issues.

fisheries management --- muscle texture --- Scyliorhinus canicula --- sharks --- stress --- African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) --- growth --- feed efficiency --- elevated phosphate concentrations --- welfare --- Danio rerio --- fractal analysis --- nociception --- pain --- stereotypical behaviour --- Danio rerio --- structural complexity --- aggression --- territorial --- boldness --- fertilisation success --- aggressive interaction --- social stress --- fighting ability --- social rank --- social communication --- aquaculture --- Amyloodinium ocellatum --- age --- physiological response --- hematology --- histopathology --- welfare --- fish welfare --- ethology --- FishEthoBase --- risk analysis --- welfare scores --- welfare criteria --- framework --- animal behavior --- fish welfare --- positive welfare --- welfare enhancement --- negative and positive affect --- motivation --- n/a

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The principle of sustainability should be strictly connected with safety, since both aim to conserve resources: in the case of sustainability, the resources are typically thought of as environmental, while in the case of safety, the resources are basically human. In spite of this common ground, discussions on sustainability usually give insufficient attention to safety. In the last years the EU has made large investments to increase the energy efficiency of the existing building stock, paving the way for a low-carbon future; however, less effort has been made to enhance its seismic resilience. Therefore, the safety and, consequently, the sustainability of towns situated in earthquake-prone countries remain inadequate. In such countries, energy renovation actions should be combined with seismic retrofitting. However, a number of barriers considerably limit the real possibility of extensively undertaking combined retrofit actions, especially for multi-owner housing and high-rise buildings. These barriers are of different kinds: technical (e.g., unfeasibility and/or ineffectiveness of conventional retrofit solutions), financial (e.g., high renovation costs, insufficient incentives/subsidies), organizational (e.g., occupants’ disruption and relocation, renovation consensus by condominium ownerships), and cultural/social (insufficient information and skills, lack of adequate policy measures for promoting renovation actions). This book aims to overcome these barriers and to bridge the gap between sustainability and safety, so to conserve both human and environmental resources.

seismic retrofit --- energy retrofit --- sustainability --- safety --- policy measures --- apartment blocks --- building envelope --- energy efficiency --- seismic improvement --- sustainability --- energy retrofit --- seismic analysis --- nearly zero-energy buildings (nZEB) --- Annex 56 --- cost-effective --- optimization --- historical building --- seismic and energy retrofit --- combined interventions --- U-value --- historical masonry --- seismic retrofit --- energy retrofit --- historic urban fabric --- building rehabilitation --- energy efficiency --- seismic reinforcement --- historic massive envelope --- cultural value --- energy performances --- damage mechanisms --- pre-diagnostic process --- seismic improvement --- energy savings --- Eastern Sicily --- green infrastructure --- seismic retrofitting --- energy retrofitting --- ecosystem services --- urban planning --- technological design --- energy performance --- seismic vulnerability assessment --- risk analysis --- masonry building aggregates --- building envelope --- innovative product --- translucent panel --- multifunctional component --- energy efficiency --- BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) --- dry-assembly system --- mechanical resistance --- high-rise building --- façade --- sustainability and aesthetics --- architectural image --- parametric design --- exoskeleton --- seismic renovation --- apartment blocks

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The mitigation of oil spills is an important facet of environmental protection. Understanding oil spills is a first step toward preventing and minimizing their damage to the environment. This compilation presents several of the current studies related to such an understanding of oil spills and the environment.This book is a compilation of 14 papers presenting new developments in the field of oil spills, giving insight into the rapidly changing world of oil spill studies and technology. The 14 papers included cover topics varying from risk analysis to oil spill remote sensing. Broadly categorized, included are six papers on modeling, four papers on remote sensing, three papers on risk assessment, and one paper on oil spill countermeasures. Each paper presents a unique insight into a facet of oil spill research and technology. The authors of these papers represent many different countries and affiliations around the world.

RANS --- non-breaking ocean waves --- random walk method --- Lagrangian particle dispersion --- oil spill model --- oil spill --- impact modeling --- simulation --- contingency planning --- oil spill model --- ocean trajectory --- GNOME --- BLOSOM --- Salish Sea --- Point Wells --- Foss Barge --- hindcast --- windage --- model comparison --- oil spill model --- FVCOM --- OSCAR --- M/V Marathassa oil spill --- the English Bay --- Vancouver Harbour --- oil spill response --- sea-coastal zones --- methods of vulnerability mapping to oil --- the problems of vulnerability maps development --- ordinal values --- arithmetic operations with rank values --- marine pollution --- oil spill pollution --- oil spill accidents --- oil spill mitigation plans --- coastal protection --- statistical analysis --- PROMETHEE methodology --- Access Western Blend (condensate/bitumen-dilbit) --- Western Canadian Select (condensate mixed with synthetic crude/bitumen-dilsynbit) --- Synthetic Bitumen (synthetic crude/bitumen-Synbit) --- Heidrun --- dispersant --- wave tank --- dispersion effectiveness (DE) --- oil-slick discrimination algorithm --- petrogenic oil-slick category --- naturally-occurring oil seeps --- man-made oil spills --- exploratory data analysis --- remote sensing --- synthetic aperture radar --- RADARSAT --- Gulf of Mexico --- Campeche Bay --- oil spill --- Italian seas --- numerical forecasting tool --- emergency management --- oil spill --- remote sensing --- reflection coefficient --- electromagnetic roughness --- multi-frequency detector --- multiple observations --- probability density function --- probability of detection --- contingency planning --- marine information systems --- environmental monitoring --- proactive systems --- decision support systems --- signal integration --- oil spills --- oil slicks characterization --- oil thickness --- polarized SAR data --- polarimetric SAR data (PolSAR) --- statistical region-based classification --- uncertainty maps --- UAVSAR --- trajectory model --- oil spill model --- oil spill response --- oil spill risk analysis --- Gulf of Mexico --- Outer Continental Shelf --- environmental resources --- risk modelling --- Princeton Ocean Model --- trajectory analysis --- oil spill --- numerical simulation --- LES --- low atmosphere --- coastal flow --- contingency plan --- Kotor bay --- n/a