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The development of new technologies and the increasing demand for mineral resources from emerging countries are responsible for significant tensions in the pricing of non-ferrous metals. Some metals have become strategic and critical because they are used in many technological applications such as flat panel TVs (indium), solar panel cells (indium), lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles (lithium, cobalt), magnets (rare earth elements, such as neodymium and dysprosium), scintillators (rare earths), and aviation and medical applications (titanium); their availabilities remain limited. The secured supply of these metals is crucial to continue producing and exporting these technologies, and because the specific properties of these metals make them essential and difficult to substitute for a given industrial application. Hydrometallurgy have the advantages of being able to process low-grade ores, to allow better control of co-products, and have a lower environmental impact providing that the hydrometallurgical route is optimized and cheap. The need to develop sustainable, efficient, and cheap processes to extract metals from complex and poor polymetallic matrices is real. The aim of this book was to highlight recent advances related to hydrometallurgy to face new challenges in metal production.
bauxite residue --- red mud --- leaching --- titanium --- metal recovery --- gold recovery --- pregnant thiosulfate solutions --- resin adsorption technique --- competitive adsorption --- eluent --- base metal production --- intermediate --- nickel iron oxide --- fayalite --- cuprite --- leaching --- Alamine® 336 --- solvent extraction --- chromium(VI) --- degradation --- tri-n-octylamine --- gold cyanidation --- mercury ions --- intensification behavior --- structure --- surface product --- platinum group metals --- value chain --- refining --- leaching --- bauxite residue --- red mud --- hydrometallurgy --- recovery --- scandium --- precipitation --- ionic liquids --- metal extraction --- liquid-liquid extraction --- back-extraction --- reusability --- metal recovery --- electroleaching --- electrodeposition --- secondary raw materials --- ionic liquids --- phosphoric acid --- rare-earth elements --- separation --- solid-liquid extraction --- ion exchange resin --- WEEE --- yttrium --- indium --- hydrometallurgy --- chalcopyrite --- voltammetry --- electrochemistry --- seawater --- chloride --- n/a
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This book is dedicated to highlighting some relevant advances in the field of thin films and coatings based on two-dimensional crystals and layered nanomaterials. Due to their layered structure, graphene and a variety of new 2D inorganic nanosystems, called “graphene analogues”, have all attracted tremendous interest due to their unprecedented properties/superior performance, and may find applications in many fields from electronics to biotechnology. These two-dimensional systems are ultrathin and, hence, tend to be flexible, also presenting distinctive and nearly intrinsic characteristics, including electronic, magnetic, optical, thermal conductivity, and superconducting properties. Furthermore, the combination of different structures and synergetic effects may open new and unprecedented perspectives, making these ideal advanced materials for multifunctional assembled systems. As far as the field of coatings is concerned, new layered nanostructures may offer unique and multifunctional properties, including gas barrier, lubricant, conductive, magnetic, photoactive, self-cleaning, and/or antimicrobial surfaces. This book contains new findings on the synthesis and perspectives of multifunctional films that are at the forefront of the science and coating technologies.
MoS2 nanosheets --- Pt nanoparticles --- counter electrode --- dye-sensitized solar cells --- graphene --- bubble transfer --- electrochemical delamination --- Cu film --- nondestructive --- reusability --- graphene/MoS2/Si heterostructure --- chemical vapor deposition --- energy conversion efficiency --- photoresponse --- electroless NiP alloy --- carbon nitride --- composites coating --- corrosion --- microhardness --- graphene --- epitaxial growth --- chemical vapor deposition --- plasma --- combustion --- PEMFC --- nanowire --- graphene --- PtPd --- 2D --- graphene --- free-standing films --- thermal conductivity --- thermal management --- chemical vapor transport deposition --- molybdenum disulfide --- monolayer --- water --- mechanism --- surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- two-dimensional materials --- plasmonic structure --- chemical vapor transport deposition --- tungsten disulfide --- monolayer --- photoluminescence --- microbial fuel cells --- stainless steel mesh electrode --- graphene --- graphene suspension --- air-cathode --- coatings --- 2D materials --- layered materials --- graphene --- reduced graphene oxide --- transition metal dichalcogenides --- WS2 --- MoS2 --- transition metal carbides --- transition metal nitrides --- transition metal carbonitrides --- silicene --- germanene --- stanene --- van der Waals heterostructures --- interfaces
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