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This volume contains contemporary and cutting-edge research on religion and crime, which includes data-driven (quantitative and qualitative), conceptual, review, and policy-oriented papers.

religion and crime --- religion in prison --- faith-based programs --- religion and crime control --- religion and drug abuse --- religiosity

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The birth of modern psychotherapies—along with the birth of psychology as a science on one side and with psychoanalysis, other depth-psychological treatments and behavioral therapies in addition to medical treatments of psychological disorders on the other side—in the 19th and 20th centuries was accompanied by positivistic and mechanistic paradigms underlying empirical research and claims of scientific dignity [1]. Affirmations which could not be tested or observed empirically had to be excluded from science—including any kind of metaphysics and religious belief, notwithstanding pioneering studies by William James [2], Granville Stanley Hall, James Henry Leuba and Edwin Diller Starbuck [3] for psychology in general and for psychology of religion(s) in particular. In particular, the critique of religions by Sigmund Freud has continuously exerted a strong impact in the fields of psychiatry and psychotherapies; in addition, regarding psychodynamics and symptoms of psychic disorders, religious phenomena in the lives of patients may be just as affected as other cognitive and emotional aspects and behaviors [4]. Consequently, religious experience and religious behavior of patients in psychiatry and psychotherapies have rarely been object of research and teaching apart from predominantly symptomatic and pathogenic perspectives. [...]

religiosity of patients and clinicians --- religious values and psychotherapies --- metapsychologies and religions --- religious coping --- abstinence and neutrality in treatment --- religious interpretations of psychic disorders

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Why do we need more questionnaires to measure aspects of spirituality/religiosity when we already have so many well-tried instruments in use? One answer is that research in this field is growing and that new research questions continuously do arise. Several of these new questions cannot be easily answered with the instruments designed for previous questions. The field is expanding and, consequently, the research topics. Meanwhile several multidimensional instruments were developed which cover existential, prosocial, religious and non-religious forms of spirituality, hope, peace and trust—and several more. The ‘disadvantage’ of these instruments is the fact that some are conceptually broad and often rather unspecific, but they might be suited quite well for culturally and spiritually diverse populations when the intention is to compare such diverse groups. This is the reason why more research on new instruments is needed as can be found in this Special Issue, and to stimulate a critical debate about their pros and cons.

religion --- measurement --- psychometric properties --- DUREL --- RCI-10 --- China --- Reliance on God’s help --- religious trust --- faith --- questionnaire --- validation --- chronic illness --- healthy persons --- life satisfaction --- quality of life --- well-being --- Buddhism --- religiosity --- quantitative measure --- affective religiosity --- spiritual well-being --- assess --- SHALOM --- God --- complicated spiritual grief --- spiritual struggle --- spiritual crisis --- bereavement --- complicated grief --- meaning making --- religion --- spirituality --- struggle --- bifactor --- measurement --- latent --- confirmatory factor analysis --- distress --- depression --- anxiety --- cancer --- spiritual care --- needs --- spirituality --- children --- measures --- religion and health --- spirituality --- physician values --- communication --- medical ethics --- psychology --- religion --- Australia --- Judaism --- attitude --- Katz-Francis Scale of Attitude toward Judaism --- n/a

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The interest in the topic of spirituality as a more or less independent dimension of quality of life is continuously growing, and research questions are beginning to change as the field of religiosity changes, becoming more diverse and pluralistic. Addressing new topics in health research also relies on standardized questionnaires. The number of instruments intended to measure specific aspects of spirituality is growing, and it is particularly difficult to evaluate the new instruments. This Special Issue will focus on some of the established instruments (updating them to different languages and cultures), but will also describe the features and intentions of newly-developed instruments, which may potentially be used in larger studies to develop knowledge relevant to spiritual care and practice. This Special Issue will serve as a resource on the instruments used to study the wide range of organized religiosity, the individual experience of the divine, and an open approach in the search for meaning and purpose in life.

spirituality --- Franciscan --- validation --- questionnaire --- Christian religious practices --- Catholics --- engagement frequency --- validation --- questionnaire --- spiritual needs --- questionnaire --- factorial structure --- validation --- structural equation modeling --- patients --- chronic disease --- healthy persons --- elderly --- spirituality --- spiritual well-being --- religiosity --- religious beliefs --- clinical setting --- evaluation --- measurement --- scoping review --- attitudes towards religion --- Filipino students --- religiosity --- spirituality --- self-report measure of religion --- moral injury --- internal conflict --- post-traumatic stress disorder --- veterans --- active duty military --- Attachment to God Inventory --- IAD-Br --- styles of attachment --- attachment theory --- Validation --- Brazil --- awe --- gratitude --- spirituality --- validation --- questionnaire --- psychometric properties --- transcultural adaptation --- spiritual needs --- people living with HIV --- spirituality --- spiritual well-being --- translation --- validation --- SHALOM --- Lithuania --- spiritual jihad --- Islam --- Muslims --- struggles --- growth --- spiritual needs --- translation --- exploratory factor analysis --- internal consistency --- n/a

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International migration, particularly to Europe, has increased in the last few decades, making research on aspects of this phenomenon, including numbers, challenges, and successes, particularly vital. This Special Issue highlights this necessary and relevant area of research. It presents 37 articles including studies on diverse topics relating to the health of refugees and migrants. Most articles (28) present studies focusing on European host countries. The focus on Europe is justified if we take into consideration the increased number of refugees and migrants who have come to Europe in recent years. However, there are also articles which present studies from countries in other continents. The topics discussed in the Issue include healthcare utilization, infectious diseases, mother and child health, mental health, and chronic diseases. Finding from the included articles indicate that further development of guidelines and policies at both local and international levels is needed. Priorities must be set by encouraging and funding in-depth research that aims to evaluate the impact of existing policies and interventions. Such research will help us formulate recommendations for the development of strategies and approaches that improve and strengthen the integration of migrants and refugees into the host countries.

breastfeeding --- complementary feeding --- Chinese --- immigrant mothers --- infant --- obesity --- post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) --- pain --- pain perception --- understanding of illness --- culture --- family-oriented societies --- refugee and migrant women --- sexual and reproductive health --- training --- knowledge --- confidence --- health care professionals --- emergency care --- triage --- healthcare system strengthening --- migrant health --- North Korean refugees --- depression --- early trauma --- negative automatic thoughts --- path analysis --- ambulance --- economic recession --- emergency medical service --- Greece --- primary healthcare system --- refugee --- triage --- public health --- asylum seeker --- Electronic Health Insurance Card --- refugee --- Germany --- refugee health --- asylum seekers --- migrants --- infectious diseases --- vaccination --- Italy --- refugee and migrant (R&M) health --- refugee crisis --- healthcare --- European Union (EU) --- migrant health --- preparedness --- communicable diseases --- tuberculosis --- LTBI --- refugee --- asylum --- infection --- IGRA --- infectious diseases --- migrant --- asylum seekers --- psychiatric emergency services --- involuntary treatment --- psychiatric hospitalization --- migrants --- sexual health --- help-seeking behavior --- systematic review --- aggression --- emergency department --- workplace violence --- migrants --- failed asylum seekers --- psychiatric emergency services --- psychiatric hospitalisation --- acute stress --- multidimensional intercultural training acculturation model (MITA) --- intercultural competence --- traumatic events --- mental health --- Middle Eastern refugee adolescents --- migration --- health --- infection --- linkage --- care --- sexual and reproductive health --- adolescent --- refugee --- migrant --- young women --- knowledge --- access --- experiences --- systematic review --- Africa --- obesity --- immigration --- education --- inequalities --- health survey --- refugee --- adolescent --- risk factor --- protective factor --- HIV --- AIDS --- stigma --- refugees --- migrants --- economic crisis --- Greece --- migration --- National Health System --- refugee --- Southeast Europe --- immigrant --- healthcare --- HBV --- CHB --- screening --- vaccination --- refugees --- migrants --- pregnancy --- migration --- refugees --- health care provision --- reception center --- sexual violence --- migrants --- refugees --- asylum seekers --- applicants for international protection --- Europe --- prevalence --- hepatitis C --- screening --- migrants --- viral hepatitis elimination --- European Union --- North African --- immigration --- health care --- emergency department --- disparities --- VPD --- immunisation strategies --- health systems --- refugees --- migrants --- cost effectiveness --- healthcare --- migration --- refugee --- asylum seeker --- medical service --- migrant --- medical care --- doctor --- Europe --- Germany --- fruit --- vegetable --- immigrant --- Portuguese --- health --- refugees women --- HIV --- mental health --- stigma --- discrimination --- access to care --- disease prevention --- public health --- stigma --- refugees --- migrants --- MMR vaccination --- measles --- vaccine hesitancy --- autism --- Rinkeby --- Tensta --- immigrants --- Polish --- religiosity --- lifestyle behavior --- smoking --- alcohol consumption --- physical activity --- overweight --- obesity --- migrant populations --- schistosomiasis/schistosoma --- strongyloidiasis/strongyloides --- screening/diagnosis --- treatment --- public health --- GRADE --- refugee --- health --- migration --- chronic disease --- infectious disease --- n/a