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This research/analysis focuses on an empirical analysis of the practical criminal law and the success of suspended sentence. The foundation of the research form data sets from the Bundeszentralregister and the Erziehungsregister. About 120.000 German data sets of stayed prison sentences and stayed young offender sentences are analyzed under the following aspects: the sentence received and if the delinquent reoffends in a period of four years after their sanction. Characteristics of age, gender, nationality and perhaps an existing penal background as well as possible probation service are part of the analysis. Also discussed are connections between relapse and the revocation of the parole. Another chapter deals with the success of the suspended sentences compared to other penalties, i.e. fines and prison sentences up to two years.

young offenders --- criminal prosecution

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Can early criminal defense helping to avoid or shorten detention? When early criminal defense means to avoid unnecessary detention which burdens both the involved parties, the enforcement and detention and in terms of costs, the state in unnecessary ways? These questions are discussed in the present investigation. It represents the concept and the results of the accompanying scientific research from a 1998 pilot project carried out in the JVA Hannover. It relies on the analysis of over 1,300 criminal acts and the Federal Central Register’s (Bundeszentralregister) statements, the evaluation of the detention list of the local court of Hanover and on extensive interviews with people involved in the project (defence lawyers, prosecutors, judges, court clerks and remand prisoners). The empirical findings of the accompanying be embedded in a legal framework and criminological conclusions are presented.

criminal defense --- detention --- law enforcement --- justice --- Federal central register --- prosecution

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Although the U.S. Patent System has been essential to spurring innovation, it has wavered in its efficiency and effectiveness at doing so. This research first makes historical comparison and analysis of the Apple and Wright landmark patent war cases to illustrate that, irrespective of timing, benefits of a patent system rest heavily on how well it defines and maintains “patent quality.” Much of the challenge in maintaining such quality relates to the subjective and often uncertain nature of invention criteria such as “non-obviousness.” As shown by recent trends, decreased patent quality leads to greater uncertainty about patent validity, which in turn invites more litigation. This work proposes that, in order to improve constancy on patent quality, the U.S. patent office should consider returning to original strategies envisioned by the Founders of the United States as described by a patent-registration system that emphasizes utility and public review in governing the patent granting process. Modern information technology can now be applied to effectively restore this original framework envisioned for patent quality control systems.

Patent, Apple, Historical Comparison, Historical Proposal, Patent Quality, Patent War Litigation, Restorative Patent System, Samsung, Wright, Curtiss, USPTO, patent examination, patent prosecution, USPTO history

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This book focuses on the development of the law of conspiracy in England from the thirteenth to the early eighteenth century. The historiography of the law of conspiracy has adopted an unmistakably doctrinal approach to this topic which has produced a treasure trove of legal sources. By borrowing concepts from cognitive linguistics, this research will shed light upon new aspects of these sources that the doctrinal approach could not reveal. It will show how certain conducts were lexicalized as a conspiracy in the Middle Ages. It will also show how these terms are involved in the lexicalization of the crime of treason and how through a process of conceptual blending the action upon the case in the nature of conspiracy rose as an action separate from the medieval conspiracy. Finally, it will be seen how the modern offense of conspiracy emerged out of the process of conceptual blending through analogies with treason and the action upon the case in the nature of conspiracy.------ Este libro se centra en la genealogía del delito de conspiración en Inglaterra desde el siglo XIII hasta comienzos del XVIII. La historiografía acerca del mismo ha sido de carácter marcadamente doctrinal, aunque ha producido un valioso acopio de fuentes. Haciendo uso de conceptos de la lingüística cognitiva, esta investigación revela aspectos de la genealogía del concepto de conspiración que el enfoque doctrinal no podía percibir. Se muestra cómo ciertas conductas fueron lexicalizadas como conspiración en la Edad Media, cómo el mismo término aparece en la conceptualización del delito de traición y cómo a través de un proceso de integración conceptual se produjo la action upon the case in the nature of conspiracy diferente de la conspiración medieval. Finalmente, también se verá cómo el moderno sentido de conspiración surgió a través del mismo proceso de integración conceptual que permitía establecer analogías con el delito de traición, así como con la action upon the case in the nature of conspiracy.

Conspiracy --- Criminal law --- Tort law --- Malicious prosecution --- Defamation --- Legal history --- Cognitive linguistics --- Frame semantics --- Conceptual blending --- Prototype semantics --- England --- United Kingdom --- Codification --- Middle ages --- Early modern period --- Eighteenth Century --- Diachronic semantics --- Genealogy --- Polysemy --- Conspiración --- Derecho penal --- Derecho de daños --- Enjuiciamiento injusto --- Difamación --- Historia jurídica --- Lingüística cognitiva --- Semántica de frame --- Integración conceptual --- Semántica de prototipos --- Inglaterra --- Reino Unido --- Codificación --- Edad Media --- Época Moderna --- Siglo Dieciocho --- Semántica diacrónica --- Genealogía --- Polisemia