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This book allows the reader to understand the fundamentals of polarization phenomena in a general spin system, showing the polarizations to be indispensable information source of spin-dependent interactions. Particularly, the book describes polarization phenomena in nuclear scattering and reactions in detail, and explains how they provide information concerning spin-dependent interactions between the related particles. The concepts of polarization observables are explained, explicitly in the scattering of protons, deuterons and 7Li nuclei. In looking at deuteron and 7Li scattering, interactions induced by the virtual excitation of projectiles are examined in detail. Resonance reactions are investigated, focusing attention on the polarization of observables, which suggests that polarization phenomena can be used to determine the spin parity of the resonance. It is noted that in few-nucleon systems, the discrepancy between the values of polarization observables based on theoretical models and the corresponding values obtained through experimental data, is an important problem to be solved in the future. Solving this problem should provide new knowledge concerning the nuclear forces between nucleons.The author has chosen open-access publishing for this book to allow any interested person to study this branch of nuclear physics.
Polarization Phenomena --- Spin Physics --- Nuclear Structure
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This special feature issue has been initiated to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). In OCT, broad bandwidth light is used in order to produce cross sectional images of turbid and translucent samples with high axial resolution (in the order of a few µm). The imaging speed of OCT can be as high as several millions of depth scans (A-scans) per second which allows for various applications in different fields. This special feature issue consists of three overview papers covering OCT angiography, polarization-sensitive OCT and dental applications of OCT. Additional applications and the latest developments in OCT are covered in nine research papers. The latest developments presented in this issue include magnetomotive OCT, resonant Doppler OCT, full field OCT, new segmentation algorithms and depth range extension. Applications of OCT are widely spread and range from quality control in tooth prostheses and coating thickness measurements in the automotive industry to the assessment of degradation of coatings and alveolar dynamics.
Optical Coherence tomography --- Angiography --- Polarization --- Biomedical Engineering --- Optics
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First published in 1990. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
pupil --- cultures --- working --- class --- pupils --- rasta --- heads --- organization --- differentiation --- polarization
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The cerebral cortex plays central roles in many higher-order functions such as cognition, language, consciousness, and the control of voluntary behavior. These processes are performed by the densely interconnected networks of excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons, and the balanced development of these two types of neuron is quite important. During cortical development, pyramidal neurons and interneurons show quite different migratory behaviors: radial migration and tangential migration, respectively. Pyramidal neurons are generated in the ventricular zone of the dorsal telencephalon, and migrate radially along radial glial fibers toward the pial surface, forming a six-layered cortical structure in an “ inside-out” manner. On the other hand, cortical interneurons are generated in the medial and caudal ganglionic eminence in the ventral telencephalon, and follow long tangential migratory paths into the cortex. Defects in these migration processes result in abnormalities in the cortical layer structure and neuronal networks, which may cause various neurological and psychiatric conditions such as epilepsy and schizophrenia. Accordingly, besides basic scientific interest, elucidation of the mechanism of neuronal migration is essential for understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. This Research Topic includes a series of articles ranging from the basic mechanism of neocortical development to the malformation and evolution of the neocortex. We do hope that the present ebook will further stimulate the interest in the fascinating investigations of neuronal migration and corticogenesis.
corticogenesis --- neuronal migration --- Neurogenesis --- radial glial cells --- Neuronal polarization --- Cortical evolution --- subplate --- neurodevelopmental diseases
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Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the shared prominent hallmarks among various forms of neurodegeneration. Depending on the milieu in which microglia become activated, the polarization of microglia shows to be heterogeneous with diverse functional phenotypes that range from pro-inflammatory phenotypes to immunosuppressive phenotypes. Therefore, targeting microglial polarization holds great promise for the treatment of neurodegeneration.This eBook focuses on the potential mechanisms of microglial polarization that are critically associated with a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease (HD), Traumatic brain injury (TBI), glaucomatous neurodegeneration and prion diseases. This topic also involves the therapeutic targeting of microglial polarization by nutritional and pharmacological modulators. Moreover, this topic describes advanced technologies employed for studying microglia. Age-related changes in microglia functions are also discussed.Overall, this eBook provides comprehensive understandings of microglial polarization in the course of neurodegeneration, linking with aging-related microglial alterations and technologies developed for microglial studies. Hopefully, it will also give comprehensive insights into various aspects of therapeutic treatment for neurodegeneration, through targeting microglial polarization.
Neurodegenerative diseases --- Neuroinflammation --- Microglial Polarization --- M1 Microglia --- M2 Microglia --- M1/M2 Switch --- Aging
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The refugee question occupied centre stage at every political debate in Europe since 2015. Starting from the "long summer of migration", the polarization of opinions and attitudes towards asylum seekers among citizens of the EU has grown increasingly. The divergence between hospitality and hostility has also become evident in political reactions.
migrations --- asylum seekers --- refugees --- Europe --- polarization --- hospitality --- policy --- Germany --- Sweden --- Hungary --- Greece --- Italy --- Belgium --- cross-national
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In den USA stehen sich heute zwei politische Lager - Demokraten und Republikaner, Liberale und Konservative - in existenzieller Feindschaft gegenüber. Doch was erklärt den tiefen ideologischen Graben, der das Land durchzieht? In seinem Buch zeigt Torben Lütjen, wie die USA in ein Land politischer Echokammern zerfielen: virtuelle und soziale Räume, die vor allem von Gleichgesinnten bevölkert werden und sich durch das Fehlen von Widerspruch ideologisch radikalisiert haben. Der Blick geht dabei vor allem nach Wisconsin, in den Mittleren Westen der USA: Hier verkörpert sich in zwei extremen Parteihochburgen von Demokraten und Republikanern paradigmatisch der Konflikt, der die modernen USA prägt.
Political Science --- USA --- Polarization --- Wisconsin --- Echo Chambers --- Ideology --- Democrats --- Republicans --- Liberalism --- Conservatism --- Radicalization --- Politics --- America --- Political Sociology --- Political
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This compact open access reference delves beyond popular concepts of educated consumers and an informed public by examining the science behind deliberative engagement. Using data from four longitudinal studies, the authors assess public engagement methods in deliberative discussions of ethical, legal, and social issues concerning innovations in nanotechnology. Coverage includes the theoretical origins of the studies, forms of engagement and variations used, and in-depth details on cognitive, affective, and social components that go into the critical thinking process and forming of opinions. Not only are the findings intriguing in and of themselves, but researchers from varied fields will also find them useful in pursuing their own projects.Featured in the coverage:Experimental methods and measures used in relation to specific outcomes.Forms of deliberative engagement affecting objective and subjective knowledge.Effects of engagement variables on attitude formation, change, and polarization.Tracing the processes leading to policy acceptance and support.Study conclusions and evaluation.Plus supplemental materials giving readers access to full study data.Since public engagement methods are widely regarded as valuable for policy input, planning purposes, and understanding societal processes, Deliberative Engagement with Science stands to have a wide audience among psychologists, researchers, academics, and policymakers, as well as professionals in the corporate sphere and the tech industries.
experimental manipulations of deliberative engagement --- nanotechnology public policy issues --- education-oriented communications --- experimental social science --- science, technology and society --- innovation policy --- cognitive-affective engagement --- polarization of public attitudes
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Changes in sea surface roughness are usually associated with a change in the sea surface wind field. This interaction has been exploited to measure sea surface wind speed by scatterometry. A number of features on the sea surface associated with changes in roughness can be observed by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) because of the change in Bragg backscatter of the radar signal by damping of the resonant ocean capillary waves. With various radar frequencies, resolutions, and modes of polarization, sea surface features have been analyzed in numerous campaigns, bringing various datasets together, thus allowing for new insights into small-scale processes at a larger areal coverage. This Special Issue aims at investigating sea surface features detected by high spatial resolution radar systems, such as SAR.
SAR --- Sentinel-1 --- wave height --- wind speed --- Copernicus --- CMEMS --- Baltic Sea --- hurricane internal dynamical process --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- eyewall replacement cycles --- ocean winds --- ocean surface wind speed retrieval --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- quad-polarized SAR --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- typhoon/hurricane-generated wind waves --- fetch- and duration-limited wave growth relationships --- synthetic aperture radar (SAR) --- hurricane --- rain --- wind --- dual-polarization --- synthetic aperture radar --- GF-3 --- coast and ocean observation --- sea surface roughness --- compact polarization (CP) --- RADARSAT Constellation Mission (RCM) --- geophysical model function (GMF) --- wind retrieval --- CoVe-Pol and CoHo-Pol models --- right circular horizontal polarization model --- right circular vertical polarization model --- oceans --- Synthetic Aperture Radar --- polarimetry --- co-polarized phase difference --- Doppler radar --- radar --- sea surface roughness --- air-sea interaction --- proper orthogonal decomposition --- ocean surface waves --- dispersion curve filtering --- marine X-band radar --- phase-resolved wave fields --- Sentinel-1 --- cross-polarization --- wind retrieval --- SMAP --- Wake detection --- Synthetic Aperture Radar --- support vector machines --- detectability model --- n/a
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As we all know, electrons carry both charge and spin. The processing of information in conventional electronic devices is based only on the charge of electrons. Spin electronics, or spintronics, uses the spin of electrons, as well as their charge, to process information. Metals, semiconductors, and insulators are the basic materials that constitute the components of electronic devices, and these types of materials have been transforming all aspects of society for over a century. In contrast, magnetic metals, half-metals (including zero-gap half-metals), magnetic semiconductors (including spin-gapless semiconductors), dilute magnetic semiconductors, and magnetic insulators are the materials that will form the basis for spintronic devices. This book aims to collect a range of papers on novel materials that have intriguing physical properties and numerous potential practical applications in spintronics.
Heusler alloy --- spin gapless semiconductor --- electronic structure --- spin transport --- quaternary Heusler compound --- first-principle calculations --- physical nature --- electronic property --- magnetism --- bulk CrSi2 --- monolayer CrSi2 --- first-principle --- Heusler alloy --- electronic structure --- magnetism --- doping --- Heusler alloy --- interface structure --- magnetism --- spin polarization --- first-principles method --- half-metallicity --- equiatomic quaternary Heusler compounds --- Nb (100) surface --- Mo doping --- H adsorption --- H diffusion --- first-principles calculation --- quaternary Heusler alloy --- doping --- spin polarization --- half-metallicity --- magnetism --- skyrmion --- Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction --- exchange energy --- magnetic anisotropy --- half-metallic materials --- first-principles calculations --- quaternary Heusler compound --- phase stability --- magnetic properties --- covalent hybridization --- MgBi2O6 --- optical properties --- mechanical anisotropy --- lattice dynamics --- first-principles calculations --- half-metallic material --- first principles --- Prussian blue analogue --- pressure --- n/a
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