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Public policy is regularly shaken by health crises or unexpected discoveries; future directions in toxicology assessment are therefore urgently needed. Convergent evidences suggest endocrine or nervous disrupting effects of pesticides, as well as effects on wildlife and the environment. These effects are amplified by the use of surfactants and/or combinations of different active principles. The usual concepts of regulatory toxicology are challenged by endocrine, nervous or immune disruption, or epigenetic effects. Indeed, most pollutants alter cell-cell communication systems to promote chronic diseases. They may accumulate in the food chain. Mixtures effects with other pollutants may change their bioavailability and their toxicity. The lack of scientific knowledge in these matters has large costs for public health. This Research Topic focuses on the toxic effects of pesticides associated with large scale cultivation of genetically modified (GM) plants.
Pesticides --- GM crops --- Toxicity --- Multidisciplinary research --- Bt toxins --- glyphosate --- Neonicotinoids
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The book, ""Pesticides - Use and Misuse and their Impact in the Environment"", contains relevant information on diverse pesticides encountered in both anthropogenic and natural environments. This book provides valuable information about the toxicity of several agrochemicals that can negatively influence the health of humans and ecosystems.
Life Sciences --- Agricultural and Biological Sciences --- Agrochemical --- Pesticides
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There has been an epochal shift: the possibility of a global climate crisis is now upon us. Pollution, the poison of pesticides, the exhaustion of natural resources, falling water tables, growing social inequalities – these are all problems that can no longer be treated separately. The effects of global warming have a cumulative impact, and it is not a matter of a crisis that will “pass” before everything goes back to “normal.” Our governments are totally incapable of dealing with the situation. Economic warfare obliges them to stick to the goal of irresponsible, even criminal, economic growth, whatever the cost. It is no surprise that people were so struck by the catastrophe in New Orleans. The response of the authorities – to abandon the poor whilst the rich were able to take shelter – is a symbol of the coming barbarism.
pesticides --- global climate crisis --- falling water tables --- pollution --- growing social inequalities --- global warming --- exhaustion of natural resources
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This manual aims to make information resources and technical advice available in order to support the deployment of biopesticides, which include microbials (e.g. bacteria, algae, protozoa, viruses and fungi), macrobials (e.g. predatory insects, parasitoids and beneficial nematodes), botanicals, and semiochemicals. It is intended to be a one-stop shop to address the information needs of the key groups who are responsible for selecting, sourcing and using biopesticides in the tobacco production system. Chapter 2 provides information for decision makers to support selection of biopesticide active substances. It also provides guidelines for trial managers on experimental design, data collection and reporting. Chapter 3 provides guidance for sourcing biopesticides. It also includes manuals for the local production of three types of biopesticide: Trichogramma; neem [Azadirachta indica]; and fungal biopesticides such as Trichoderma. Chapter 4 presents training materials to provide an overview of biopesticides in general together with detailed information on how to work with the key biopesticides that have already been used successfully to manage key pests in tobacco.
insects --- Nicotiana --- plants --- aquatic organisms --- aquatic plants --- beneficial organisms --- biological control --- biological control agents --- botanical pesticides --- data collection --- decision making --- entomopathogens --- entomophilic nematodes --- experimental design --- handbooks --- information services --- natural enemies --- parasites --- parasitoids --- pathogens --- pest control --- pests --- plant pests --- predators --- predatory insects --- semiochemicals --- tobacco --- aquatic species --- beneficial species --- biocontrol --- biocontrol agents --- biological control organisms --- choice --- data logging --- information sources --- insect nematodes --- manuals --- nematodes --- plot design --- predaceous insects --- predacious insects --- eukaryotes --- Hexapoda --- arthropods --- invertebrates --- animals --- Solanaceae --- Solanales --- eudicots --- angiosperms --- Spermatophyta --- plants
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This book reports on long-term comparative organic farming systems' research trials carried out over the last 5 years in the Southern Cape of South Africa, as well as research into the successes and failures of the organic sector and the technical tools required for sustainable development in South Africa, Zambia, Uganda and Tanzania. It includes 24 chapters organized into 4 parts. Part 1 (Chapters 1-6) discusses the historical development of organic farming systems, examines the global issues which confront us, and develops some concepts showing a progression in small-scale farmer development and how this can be supported with appropriate training and policy. The difference between national food self-sufficiency and household food security is examined, and the organic sector is introduced. Part 2 (Chapters 7-14) deals with capacity building and climate change. Holistic systems, inclusive participatory approaches, institution building and experiential learning are examined. Organic food production, farmer training, value chains, impact of drought on food prices and food availability, and urban water and energy use efficiency are described. Part 3 (Chapters 15-22) presents evidence on how to support organic farmers. It starts with 2 case studies on the well-developed organic sector in Uganda and the developing one in Zambia. The following chapters discuss soil carbon determination, comparison of organic and conventional farming systems, pest and disease control (e.g., chemical, holistic and biological control), soil fumigation, soil microbiology in organic and conventional systems, soil fertility changes and crop yield. Part 4 (Chapters 23-24) makes strategic suggestions about how to upscale organic farming and organic food systems in Southern Africa. This book is a vital resource for all stakeholders in organic agriculture.
organic foods --- pathogens --- pest control --- pesticides --- pests --- plant disease control --- plant diseases --- plant pathogens --- plant pests --- self sufficiency --- soil --- soil fertility --- soil flora --- soil fumigation --- sustainability --- training --- value chain --- water supply --- water use --- water use efficiency --- agricultural systems --- biocontrol --- capacity building --- climatic change --- eco-agriculture --- ecological agriculture --- energy use --- energy utilization --- integrated plant protection --- organic culture --- phytopathogens --- subsaharan Africa --- Tanganyika --- water supplies --- South Africa --- Southern Africa --- Tanzania --- Uganda --- Zambia --- Homo --- Hominidae --- primates --- mammals --- vertebrates --- Chordata --- animals --- eukaryotes --- Anglophone Africa --- Africa --- Commonwealth of Nations --- Developing Countries --- Southern Africa --- Africa South of Sahara --- Threshold Countries --- ACP Countries --- East Africa --- Least Developed Countries --- SADC Countries
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This book will provide the most recent knowledge and advances in Sample Preparation Techniques for Separation Science. Everyone working in a laboratory must be familiar with the basis of these technologies, and they often involve elaborate and time-consuming procedures that can take up to 80% of the total analysis time. Sample preparation is an essential step in most of the analytical methods for environmental and biomedical analysis, since the target analytes are often not detected in their in-situ forms, or the results are distorted by interfering species. In the past decade, modern sample preparation techniques have aimed to comply with green analytical chemistry principles, leading to simplification, miniaturization, easy manipulation of the analytical devices, low costs, strong reduction or absence of toxic organic solvents, as well as low sample volume requirements.Modern Sample Preparation Approaches for Separation Science also provides an invaluable reference tool for analytical chemists in the chemical, biological, pharmaceutical, environmental, and forensic sciences.
vitamins --- extraction --- determination --- review --- sample preparation --- matrix solid phase dispersion --- sorbent --- miniaturization --- on-line --- blueberry --- non-anthocyanin polyphenol --- vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction --- response surface methodology --- desirability function approach --- nail --- curie temperature --- high-frequency heating --- liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry --- caffeine --- amlodipine --- gas chromatography --- hydrogel --- hormones --- pectin --- polyvinyl alcohol --- sample preparation --- in-tube SPME --- UHPLC-MS/MS --- organic-based monoliths --- antipsychotics --- plasma samples --- schizophrenic’ patients --- salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction --- sugaring-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction --- hydrophobic-solvent assisted liquid–liquid extraction --- subzero-temperature assisted liquid–liquid extraction --- phenolic compounds --- sorbent-based techniques --- multi-spheres adsorptive micro-extraction (MSA?E) --- floating sampling technology --- caffeine and acetaminophen tracers --- environmental water matrices --- vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction --- China herbal tea --- pesticides residue --- aflatoxins --- UPLC-MS/MS --- vortex-synchronized matrix solid-phase dispersion --- crab shells --- ionic liquids --- anthraquinones --- Cassiae Semen --- sample preparation --- nanocomposite --- pathogenic --- enrichment --- nucleic acid isolation --- sample preparation with TLC/HPTLC --- solvent front position extraction --- solvent delivery with a moving pipette --- automation --- LC–MS/MS --- environmental analysis --- whole water --- trace analysis --- SPE --- large volume --- in-line filter --- sand --- flow rate --- pharmaceuticals --- hormones --- pesticides --- space instrumentation --- liquid chromatography --- oligopeptides --- trapping system --- membrane-based microextraction --- barbiturates --- simultaneous determination --- whole blood --- urine --- liver --- sample preparation --- oxylipins --- protein precipitation --- liquid–liquid extraction --- solid-phase extraction --- biological samples --- chlorophenoxy acid herbicides --- HPLC --- hydrophobic in-tube solid-phase microextraction --- poly (OMA-co-TRIM) monolithic column --- rice grains --- gold --- sample preparation --- preconcentration --- geological samples
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This book is a collection of 13 innovative papers describing the state of the art and the future perspectives in solid-phase extraction covering several analytical fields prior to the use of gas or liquid chromatographic analysis. New sorptive materials are presented including carbon nanohorn suprastructures on paper support, melamine sponge functionalized with urea–formaldehyde co-oligomers, chiral metal–organic frameworks, UiO-66-based metal–organic frameworks, and fabric phase sorptive media for various applications. Solid-phase extraction can be applied in several formats aside from the conventional cartridges or mini-column approach, e.g., online solid-phase extraction, dispersive solid-phase microextraction, and in-syringe micro-solid-phase extraction can be very helpful for analyte pre-concentration and sample clean-up. Polycyclic musks in aqueous samples, 8-Nitroguanine in DNA by chemical derivatization antibacterial diterpenes from the roots of salvia prattii, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in aater samples by bamboo charcoal-based SPE, parabens in environmental water samples, benzotriazoles as environmental pollutants, organochlorine pesticide residues in various fruit juices and water samples and synthetic peptide purification are among the applications cited in this collection. All these outstanding contributions highlight the necessity of this analytical step, present the advantages and disadvantages of each method and focus on the green analytical chemistry guidelines that have to be fulfilled in current analytical practices.
graphene --- solid-phase extraction --- polycyclic musks --- water --- GC–MS/MS --- online solid-phase extraction --- LC-MS/MS --- peroxynitrite --- nitrated DNA lesion --- derivatization --- isotope-dilution --- Salvia prattii --- antibacterial diterpenes --- hydrophilic solid-phase extraction --- preparative high-performance liquid chromatography --- bamboo charcoal --- solid-phase extraction --- perfluoroalkyl acids --- liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry --- carbon nanohorns --- sorptive phase --- paper --- microextraction --- antidepressants --- in-syringe micro solid-phase extraction --- personal care products --- response surface methodology --- parabens --- wastewater --- benzotriazoles --- solid-phase extraction --- environmental samples --- solid-phase extraction --- melamine sponge --- urea-formaldehyde co-oligomers --- HPLC-DAD --- metal-organic frameworks --- enantiomeric excess --- chiral compounds --- solid-phase extraction --- metal-organic frameworks --- dispersive solid-phase extraction --- organic pollutants --- analyte partitioning --- FPSE --- in-house loaded SPE --- HPLC-PDA --- method validation --- IBD --- extraction --- fabric phase sorptive extraction --- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry --- organochlorine pesticides --- sample preparation --- peptide --- solid phase extraction (SPE) --- preparative purification --- gradient elution --- solid phase peptide synthesis
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Since their discovery, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have received tremendous attention due to their unique electrical, optical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Remarkable advances have been made in the synthesis, purification, structural characterization, functionalization, and application of MWCNTs. Their particular characteristics make them well suited for a plethora of applications in a number of fields, namely nanoelectronics, nanofluids, energy management, (electro)catalysis, materials science, construction of (bio)sensors based on different detection schemes, multifunctional nanoprobes for biomedical imaging, and sorbents for sample preparation or removal of contaminants from wastewater. They are also useful as anti-bacterial agents, drug delivery nanocarriers, etc. The current relevant application areas are countless. This Special Issue presents original research and review articles that address advances, trends, challenges, and future perspectives regarding synthetic routes, structural features, properties, behaviors, and industrial or scientific applications of MWCNTs in established and emerging areas.
water based nanofluid --- carbon-nanotubes --- boundary layer --- heat generation --- thermal radiation --- curved stretching sheet --- numerical solution --- Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) --- Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) --- MHD --- Casson model --- stretching sheet --- non-linear thermal radiation --- HAM --- zeolitic imidazolate framework --- multi-walled carbon nanotubes --- magnetic solid phase extraction --- organochlorine pesticides --- agricultural irrigation water --- Pd-CNT nanohybrids --- functionalized CNTs --- polarity --- semi-homogeneous catalysis --- heck reaction --- nanomaterials --- multi-walled carbon nanotubes --- synthesis methods --- electrochemical properties --- electrochemical sensors --- electroanalysis --- sensing applications --- multiwalled carbon nanotubes --- gold(I) --- gold(III) --- adsorption --- elution --- gold nanoparticles --- adsorption --- multi-walled carbon nanotubes --- nonylphenol --- kinetics --- multi-walled carbon nanotubes --- graphene oxide --- cerium oxide --- lubricating oil additives --- multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) --- azide-alkyne click chemistry --- RAFT polymerization --- PMMA --- carbon nanotubes --- composites --- radar absorbing materials --- complex permittivity --- chloride diffusion --- cement mortars --- carbon nanotubes --- mechanical properties --- electrical properties --- hydrophobic drugs --- drug delivery --- functionalized carbon nanotubes --- dissolution rate --- nanomedicine --- polymeric composites --- silicone rubber --- Ionic liquid --- carbon materials --- structural --- EMI shielding --- n/a
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Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has become a global paradigm for the governance of surface, coastal and groundwaters. This Special Issue contains twelve articles related to the transfer of IWRM policy principles. The articles explore three dimensions of transfer—causes, processes, outcomes—and offer a theoretically inspiring, methodologically rich and geographically diverse engagement with IWRM policy transfer around the globe. As such, they can also productively inform a future research agenda on the ‘dimensional’ aspects of IWRM governance. Regarding the causes, the contributions apply, criticise, extend or revise existing approaches to policy transfer in a water governance context, asking why countries adopt IWRM principles and what mechanisms are in place to understand the adoption of these principles in regional or national contexts. When it comes to processes, articles in this Special Issue unpack the process of policy transfer and implementation and explore how IWRM principles travel across borders, levels and scales. Finally, this set of papers looks into the outcomes of IWRM policy transfer and asks what impact IWRM principles, once implemented, gave on domestic water governance, water quality and water supply, and how effective IWRM is at addressing critical water issues in specific countries.
dam --- local communities --- lived experiences --- environmental narratives --- Cambodia --- transitions --- water management regimes --- water resource management --- niches --- visions --- agency --- ocean governance --- fisheries management --- ecosystem-based management --- overfishing --- sustainable fishing --- European Union --- Turkey --- Europeanisation --- institutions --- policy transfer --- Water Framework Directive --- drinking water --- agriculture --- EU policy --- governance --- integrated scientific support --- water quality --- nitrates --- pesticides --- environmental policy --- policy coherence --- environmental governance --- integrated catchment management --- catchment --- conservation authorities --- governance --- governmentality --- integrated water resources management (IWRM) --- watershed councils --- Ontario --- Oregon --- Integrated Water Resources Management --- Integrated Urban Water Management --- urban water security --- governance --- Singapore --- Hong Kong --- process tracing --- Water Framework Directive --- policy implementation --- integrated water resources management --- river basin planning --- public participation --- water governance --- scale --- top-down and bottom-up --- estuaries --- governance --- sustainability --- governance models --- integrated water resources management --- IWRM --- Water Framework Directive --- WFD --- participation --- United Kingdom --- England --- water governance --- IWRM --- integrated water resources management --- drivers --- EU water framework directive --- implementation --- coordination --- participation --- Germany --- water governance --- polycentricity --- integrated water resources management --- IWRM --- policy transfer --- water governance --- Water Framework Directive --- learning
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The role of biochar in improving soil fertility is increasingly being recognized and is leading to recommendations of biochar amendment of degraded soils. In addition, biochars offer a sustainable tool for managing organic wastes and to produce added-value products. The benefits of biochar use in agriculture and forestry can span enhanced plant productivity, an increase in soil C stocks, and a reduction of nutrient losses from soil and non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, biochar composition and properties and, therefore, its performance as a soil amendment are highly dependent on the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. In addition, due to its characteristics, such as high porosity, water retention, and adsorption capacity, there are other applications for biochar that still need to be properly tested. Thus, the 16 original articles contained in this book, which were selected and evaluated for this Special Issue, provide a comprehensive overview of the biological, chemicophysical, biochemical, and environmental aspects of the application of biochar as soil amendment. Specifically, they address the applicability of biochar for nursery growth, its effects on the productivity of various food crops under contrasting conditions, biochar capacity for pesticide retention, assessment of greenhouse gas emissions, and soil carbon dynamics. I would like to thank the contributors, reviewers, and the support of the Agronomy editorial staff, whose professionalism and dedication have made this issue possible.
sesame --- rice husk biochar --- nutrient concentration --- cropping --- biochar particle size --- soil physics --- soil chemistry --- water retention --- global warming --- archaeal 16S rRNA gene --- bacterial 16S rRNA gene --- rice yields --- qPCR --- soil amendments --- jatropha --- biochar --- arid region --- acidic undernourished soil --- fallen leaves --- biochar --- solid digestate --- Pelargonium graveolens --- leaf chlorosis --- essential oil quality --- biochar --- desert soil --- crop growth --- water retention --- nutrient --- soil chemical properties --- soil physical properties --- activated carbon --- biofertilizers --- gas exchange attributes --- wheat --- water stress --- yield attributes --- containerized production systems --- heavy metals --- paper mill sludge --- biochar-ash pellet --- quality index --- hydrochar --- pyrochar --- nitrogen --- fertilizer --- greenhouse experiment --- biosolids --- field experiment --- incubation --- 13C NMR --- mean residence time --- slow pool --- vineyard by-products --- composted solid digestate --- biochar --- grapevine planting material --- biochar --- soil carbon dynamics --- soil fertility --- excessive compost application --- Ultisols --- activated charcoal --- aging --- pesticides --- nutrient cycling --- soil health --- soil organic matter --- dairy manure --- thermochemical property --- pyrolysis --- biochar --- pore property --- wheat --- biochar --- germination --- hormone --- gene expression
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