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Political actors navigate a world of incomplete and noisy information. Voters make decisions about turnout and voting amidst campaign promises, credit claiming, and fake news. Policymakers experiment with reforms amidst uncertain predictions from experts and biased interest groups. Parties form coalitions and sign agreements amidst cheap talk and strategic communication. Beyond democracies, autocrats and dictators rule under uncertain threats to their regimes. In all of these environments, some political actors have incentives to learn and gather information, while others have incentives to influence and manipulate this information. This Special Issue addresses the question of how information structures, information transmission, and communication technologies influence political environments and affect the incentives faced by political actors. This is a collection of articles, combining game-theoretical and experimental work. The articles promote novel ideas and address understudied questions, which range from salience determination to microtargeting, ambiguous voting and information naivety. The findings complement the existing literature and suggest rationales for inefficiencies that arise in political environments with incomplete and noisy information.

jury trial --- pivotality --- ambiguity --- electoral competition --- multidimensional policy space --- microtargeting --- office-motivated candidates --- negative campaigning --- strategic disclosure --- mutual optimism --- incentives to go to war --- information --- correlation neglect --- information aggregation --- committee decision making --- voting experiment --- recency bias --- n/a

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The year 2019 has been prolific in terms of new evidence regarding the effects of coffee and caffeine consumption on diverse aspects of human functioning. This book collects 20 high-quality manuscripts published in Nutrients that include original investigation or systematic review studies of the effects of caffeine intake on human performance and health. The diversity of the articles published in this Special Issue highlights the extent of the effects of coffee and caffeine on human functioning, while underpinning the positive nature of most of these effects. This book will help with understanding why the natural sources of caffeine are so widely present in the nutrition behaviors of modern society.

pharmacokinetics --- energy drink --- exercise --- elite athlete --- performance --- football --- RPE --- DOMS --- sport performance --- supplementation --- ergogenic aids --- consumer --- behavior --- perception --- coffee --- health --- consumption motives --- coffee/caffeine --- systematic review and meta-analysis --- prospective studies --- epidemiology --- cancer prevention --- colorectal cancer --- individual responses --- responders --- exercise performance --- ergogenic aids --- caffeine --- coffee --- tea --- energy drinks --- pregnancy --- newborn --- caffeine --- ergogenic aid --- resistance training --- isokinetic testing --- adrenal gland --- caffeine --- corticosterone --- puberty --- rat --- sex-difference --- caffeine --- energy drinks --- fatigue --- mood state --- exercise --- supplement --- resistance exercise --- speed --- repetition --- n/a --- metabolome --- skeletal muscle --- exercise --- muscle contraction --- ergogenic effect --- bench press --- upper limb --- resistance exercise --- ergogenic substances --- time under tension --- 1RM test --- caffeine --- metabolites --- phenotyping --- CYP450 --- NAT --- xanthine oxidase --- actigraphy --- athletic --- coffee --- ergogenic aid --- supplement --- anaerobic --- caffeine --- CMJ --- ergogenic aids --- exercise --- nutrition --- sport supplement --- Wingate --- electromyography --- efficiency --- sport --- exercise --- expectancy --- belief --- perceptions --- placebo effect --- recovery --- strength --- power --- sprint performance --- menstrual cycle --- fatigue --- placebo --- ergogenic --- EEG–EMG coherence --- n/a --- women --- resistance exercise --- exercise training --- velocity --- ergogenic aid --- muscle function --- n/a

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The Special Edition 'Compounds with Polar Metallic Bonding' is a collection of eight original research reports presenting a broad variety of chemical systems, analytical methods, preparative pathways and theoretical descriptions of bonding situations, with the common aim of understanding the complex interplay of conduction electrons in intermetallic compounds that possess different types of dipoles. Coulombic dipoles introduced by electronegativity differences, electric or magnetic dipoles, polarity induced by symmetry reduction—all the possible facets of the term 'polarity'—can be observed in polar intermetallic phases and have their own and, in most cases, unique consequences on the physical and chemical behaviour. Elucidation of the structure–property relationships in compounds with polar metallic bonding is a modern and growing scientific field which combines solid state physics, preparative chemistry, metallurgy, modern analytic methods, crystallography, theoretical calculations of the electronic state and many more disciplines.

intermetallics --- crystal structure --- group-subgroup --- magnetic properties --- XPS --- coloring problem --- band structure --- structure optimizations --- polar intermetallics --- ternary Laves phases --- electronic structure --- X-ray diffraction --- total energy --- stannides --- plumbides --- alkaline-earth --- polar intermetallics --- symmetry reduction --- chemical bond --- Zintl --- Ca14AlSb11 --- polar intermetallic --- thermoelectric --- COHP method --- bonding analyses --- intermetallic compounds --- nitridometalate --- crystal structure --- powder diffraction --- magnetism --- Zintl compounds --- liquid ammonia --- crystal structure --- n/a

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The contribution of genomic variants to the aetiopathogenesis of both paediatric and adult neurological disease is being increasingly recognized. The use of next-generation sequencing has led to the discovery of novel neurodevelopmental disorders, as exemplified by the deciphering developmental disorders (DDD) study, and provided insight into the aetiopathogenesis of common adult neurological diseases. Despite these advances, many challenges remain. Correctly classifying the pathogenicity of genomic variants from amongst the large number of variants identified by next-generation sequencing is recognized as perhaps the major challenge facing the field. Deep phenotyping (e.g., imaging, movement analysis) techniques can aid variant interpretation by correctly classifying individuals as affected or unaffected for segregation studies. The lack of information on the clinical phenotype of novel genetic subtypes of neurological disease creates limitations for genetic counselling. Both deep phenotyping and qualitative studies can capture the clinical and patient’s perspective on a disease and provide valuable information. This Special Issue aims to highlight how next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionised our understanding of the aetiology of brain disease and describe the contribution of deep phenotyping studies to a variant interpretation and understanding of natural history.

TUBA1A --- tubulin --- p.(Arg2His), R2H --- tubulinopathy --- polymicrogyria --- cerebellar hypoplasia --- Parkinson’s disease --- Parkinsonism --- metal storage disorders --- inborn error of metabolism --- genetic biomarker --- Parkinson’s disease (PD) --- Alzheimer’s disease (AD) --- next generation sequencing (NGS) --- diagnosis --- neurodegenerative disease --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) --- glucocerebrosidase --- Parkinson’s disease --- Gaucher disease --- movement science --- Parkinson’s disease --- ataxia --- dementia --- machine learning --- deep learning --- risk prediction --- disease phenotyping --- n/a

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Driven by new regulations, new market structures, and new energy resources, the smart grid has been the trigger for profound changes in the way that electricity is generated, distributed, managed, and consumed. The smart grid has raised the traditional power grid by using a two-way electricity and information flow to create an advanced, automated power supply network. However, these pioneering smart grid technologies must grow to adapt to the demands of the current digital society. In today’s digital landscape, we can access feasible data and knowledge that were merely inconceivable. This Special Issue aims to address the landscape in which smart grids are progressing, due to the advent of pervasive technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT). It will be the advanced exploitation of the massive amounts of data generated from (low-cost) IoT sensors that will become the main driver to evolve the concept of the smart grid, currently focused on infrastructure, towards the digital energy network paradigm, focused on service. Furthermore, collective intelligence will improve the processes of decision making and empower citizens. Original manuscripts focusing on state-of-the-art IoT networking and communications, M2M communications, cyberphysical system architectures, big data analytics or cloud computing applied to digital energy platforms, including design methodologies and practical implementation aspects, are welcome.

frequency variations --- islanded operation --- nanogrids --- power quality --- power system reliability --- harmonics --- islanded operation --- nanogrids --- power quality --- voltage unbalance --- distributed energy resources --- electric energy storage --- energy management system --- genetic algorithm --- microgrid --- prosumer --- self-consumption --- smart inverter --- microgrid --- distributed generation --- communication --- wireless --- PV monitoring --- low-cost solutions --- LoRa technology --- demand response --- direct load control --- home energy management system --- mixed-integer linear programming --- n/a