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Historically, the notion of entropy emerged in conceptually very distinct contexts. This book deals with the connection between entropy, probability, and fractional dynamics as they appeared, for example, in solar neutrino astrophysics since the 1970's (Mathai and Rathie 1975, Mathai and Pederzoli 1977, Mathai and Saxena 1978, Mathai, Saxena, and Haubold 2010).The original solar neutrino problem, experimentally and theoretically, was resolved through the discovery of neutrino oscillations and was recently enriched by neutrino entanglement entropy. To reconsider possible new physics of solar neutrinos, diffusion entropy analysis, utilizing Boltzmann entropy, and standard deviation analysis was undertaken with Super-Kamiokande solar neutrino data. This analysis revealed a non-Gaussian signal with harmonic content. The Hurst exponent is different from the scaling exponent of the probability density function and both Hurst exponent and scaling exponent of the Super-Kamiokande data deviate considerably from the value of ½, which indicates that the statistics of the underlying phenomenon is anomalous. Here experiment may provide guidance about the generalization of theory of Boltzmann statistical mechanics. Arguments in the so-called Boltzmann-Planck-Einstein discussion related to Planck's discovery of the black-body radiation law are recapitulated mathematically and statistically and emphasize from this discussion is pursued that a meaningful implementation of the complex ‘entropy-probability-dynamics’ may offer two ways for explaining the results of diffusion entropy analysis and standard deviation analysis. One way is to consider an anomalous diffusion process that needs to use the fractional space-time diffusion equation (Gorenflo and Mainardi) and the other way is to consider a generalized Boltzmann entropy by assuming a power law probability density function. Here new mathematical framework, invented by sheer thought, may provide guidance for the generalization of Boltzmann statistical mechanics. In this book Boltzmann entropy, generalized by Tsallis and Mathai, is considered. The second one contains a varying parameter that is used to construct an entropic pathway covering generalized type-1 beta, type-2 beta, and gamma families of densities. Similarly, pathways for respective distributions and differential equations can be developed. Mathai's entropy is optimized under various conditions reproducing the well-known Boltzmann distribution, Raleigh distribution, and other distributions used in physics. Properties of the entropy measure for the generalized entropy are examined. In this process the role of special functions of mathematical physics, particularly the H-function, is highlighted.
special functions --- fractional calculus --- entropic functional --- mathematical physics --- applied analysis --- statistical distributions --- geometrical probabilities --- multivariate analysis
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Contrasting conditions with and without conscious experience has served consciousness research well. However, research based on this simple contrast has led to controversies about the neural basis of conscious experience. One key reason for these ongoing debates seems to be that the simple contrast between conditions with and without consciousness is not specific for unraveling the neural basis of conscious experience, but rather also leads to other processes that precede or follow it. Acknowledging this methodological problem implies that some of the previous research findings about the neural underpinnings of conscious experience are actually reflecting the prerequisites and consequences rather than the direct correlates of conscious perception. Thus, it is required to re-evaluate the previous results to find out which of them are telling us anything about the neural basis of consciousness. But first and foremost, to overcome this methodological problem we need new experimental paradigms that go beyond the simple contrastive analysis or find the ways how some older but well forgotten paradigms may foster a new look at this emerging problem. Accordingly, this research topic is looking for empirical and theoretical contributions that: 1) envision new and suitable experimental approaches to study consciousness that are free from the limitations of the simple contrastive analysis; 2) provide empirical data that help to separate the neural correlates of conscious experience from the prerequisites and consequences of it; 3) help to re-assess previous research findings about the neural correlates of conscious perception in the light of the methodological problems with the traditional contrastive analysis. We hope that the theoretical insights and experimental approaches collected within this Research Topic help us to gain a more refined understanding of the neural basis of conscious experience.
Consciousness --- neural correlates of consciousness --- Contrastive analysis --- contextual effects --- oscillations --- EEG --- TMS --- multivariate analysis --- Contents of consciousness --- levels of consciousness
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This Special Issue is aimed at highlighting the potentialities of membrane and membrane reactor operations in various sectors of chemical engineering, based on application of the process intensification strategy. In all of the contributions, the principles of process intensification were pursued during the adoption of membrane technology, demonstrating how it may lead to the development of redesigned processes that are more compact and efficient while also being more environmental friendly, energy saving, and amenable to integration with other green processes. This Special Issue comprises a number of experimental and theoretical studies dealing with the application of membrane and membrane reactor technology in various scientific fields of chemical engineering, such as membrane distillation for wastewater treatment, hydrogen production from reforming reactions via inorganic membrane and membrane photoassisted reactors, membrane desalination, gas/liquid phase membrane separation of CO2, and membrane filtration for the recovery of antioxidants from agricultural byproducts, contributing to valorization of the potentialities of membrane operations.
membrane engineering --- hydrogen production --- CO2 conversion --- gas/liquid separation --- micro direct methanol fuel cell (µDMFC) --- porous membranes --- micro channel --- two-phase flow --- micro contactor --- separator --- water splitting --- Z-scheme --- photocatalysis --- photocatalytic membrane reactor --- hydrogen --- on-board --- steam reforming --- ethanol --- methane --- membrane reactor --- palladium --- modeling --- membrane distillation --- wastewater treatment --- membrane configuration --- fouling renewable heat sources --- membrane reactor --- Pd-based membrane --- hydrogen --- steam reforming --- solar energy --- microfiltration (MF) --- ultrafiltration (UF) --- orange press liquor --- clarification --- multivariate analysis --- advanced separations --- desalination --- hydrogel composite membranes --- ionic liquids membranes --- membrane distillation
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After the successful conclusion of the Joint Meeting of IUFRO’s 7.03.05 & 7.03.10 working parties and given the exciting and novel studies that have been presented in the framework of this meeting, we decided to present some of these studies in the current Special Issue of Forests. To make this issue more appealing and interesting to everyone in the field of Forest Protection, studies that cover a wide range of topics were selected, ranging from ecology and phylogeography to forest management and protection. More importantly, as these studies refer to pests and pathogens from different parts of the world, it is expected that the knowledge gained can be further used in the protection of natural environment worldwide.
Buprestidae --- Coraebus florentinus --- Mediterranean forests --- oak --- Quercus --- selective pruning --- wood borer insects --- forest health --- mine reclamation --- Forestry Reclamation Approach --- Phytophthora --- ink disease --- American chestnut --- Trypodendron laeve --- Carpathian Mountains --- Romania --- distribution --- Fraxinus excelsior --- invasive pathogens --- ash dieback --- chlorophyll-a fluorescence --- phenols --- triterpenes --- sterols --- ammonium phosphite --- disease management --- biological control --- chestnut blight --- Cryphonectria parasitica --- hypovirulence --- silvicultural interventions --- aggregated retention --- clearcutting --- coniferous forest --- deciduous forest --- functional group --- Lepidoptera --- multivariate analysis --- Betula --- birch --- fungal phytopathogens --- ITS --- Japanese red pine pure forests --- Cephalcia kunyushanica --- stand type --- stand characteristics --- soil properties --- black timber bark beetle --- biological invasion --- Xyleborini --- ambrosia beetle --- spread --- occurrence --- ethanol --- forest management --- Ips duplicatus --- pathogen --- vector --- infection level --- invasion --- latitude --- Ips sexdentatus --- Scolytinae --- mtDNA --- phylogeography --- flying ability --- human-mediated transport
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A “genotype"" is essentially an organism's full hereditary information which is obtained from its parents. A ""phenotype"" is an organism's actual observed physical and behavioral properties. These may include traits such as morphology, size, height, eye color, metabolism, etc. One of the pressing challenges in computational and systems biology is genotype-to-phenotype prediction. This is challenging given the amount of data generated by modern Omics technologies. This “Big Data” is so large and complex that traditional data processing applications are not up to the task. Challenges arise in collection, analysis, mining, sharing, transfer, visualization, archiving, and integration of these data. In this Special Issue, there is a focus on the systems-level analysis of Omics data, recent developments in gene ontology annotation, and advances in biological pathways and network biology. The integration of Omics data with clinical and biomedical data using machine learning is explored. This Special Issue covers new methodologies in the context of gene–environment interactions, tissue-specific gene expression, and how external factors or host genetics impact the microbiome.
tissue-specific expressed genes --- transcriptome --- tissue classification --- support vector machine --- feature selection --- bioinformatics pipelines --- algorithm development for network integration --- miRNA–gene expression networks --- multiomics integration --- network topology analysis --- candidate genes --- gene–environment interactions --- logic forest --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- Gene Ontology --- KEGG pathways --- enrichment analysis --- proteomic analysis --- plot visualization --- Alzheimer’s disease --- dementia --- cognitive impairment --- neurodegeneration --- Gene Ontology --- annotation --- biocuration --- amyloid-beta --- microtubule-associated protein tau --- artificial intelligence --- genotype --- phenotype --- deep phenotype --- data integration --- genomics --- phenomics --- precision medicine informatics --- epigenetics --- chromatin modification --- sequencing --- regulatory genomics --- disease variants --- machine learning --- multi-omics --- data integration --- curse of dimensionality --- heterogeneous data --- missing data --- class imbalance --- scalability --- genomics --- pharmacogenomics --- cell lines --- database --- drug sensitivity --- data integration --- omics data --- genomics --- RNA expression --- non-omics data --- clinical data --- epidemiological data --- challenges --- integrative analytics --- joint modeling --- multivariate analysis --- multivariate causal mediation --- distance correlation --- direct effect --- indirect effect --- causal inference --- n/a
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The Special Issue “Extractable and Non-Extractable Antioxidants” gives an updated view on antioxidants—both in their extractable and non-extractable form—in the different food groups, their products thereof, and food preparations as well as byproducts and biomass waste. The potential beneficial properties of these compounds and nutraceutical formulations are described in the various studies covered in this Special Issue.
anthocyanins --- polyphenolic compounds --- classic extraction --- ultrasound assisted extraction --- antioxidant capacity --- daidzein --- cyclodextrin --- inclusion complex --- antioxidant activity --- trans-cinnamaldehyde --- ?-cyclodextrin --- self-inclusion --- anti-inflammation --- antioxidant --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- antioxidant activity --- polyphenols --- digestibility --- fermentation --- cereals --- legumes --- Chinese mistletoes --- phenolics --- phenolic contents --- antioxidant activity --- forest residues --- phenolic compounds --- natural antioxidants --- quercitrin --- value-added by-products --- Camellia sinensis --- black teas --- catechins --- antioxidant activity --- LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS --- principal component analysis --- extractable --- non-extractable --- antioxidant activity --- agglomerative hierarchical clustering --- principal component analysis --- multivariate analysis --- nuclear magnetic spectroscopy --- nitric oxide scavengers --- pre-column HPLC method --- Aloysia triphylla --- phenolics --- antioxidants --- dietary supplements --- botanicals --- bioactive compounds --- antioxidants --- study approach --- integrated food research --- dedicated databases --- dietary assessment. --- biorefinery --- circular economy --- grape seed --- bio-based --- chemometrics --- Cagnulari marc --- Naviglio Extractor® --- green extraction --- endothelial cell --- oxidative stress --- polyphenols --- berries jam --- phenolic acids --- flavonols glycosides --- degradation --- HPLC-ESI/MS --- antioxidant properties --- digestive enzyme --- nutrient --- polymerization --- proanthocyanidins --- eggplant --- flour --- phenolics --- antioxidant activity --- functional ingredient --- sour cherry --- anthocyanins --- extractable polyphenols --- non-extractable polyphenols --- Italian popular recipes --- food composition database --- antioxidant properties --- extractable compounds --- non-extractable compounds --- ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) --- total polyphenol content (TPC) --- n/a
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hyperspectral imaging --- Raman --- fluorescence --- sorting --- quality control --- black polymers --- PZT --- classification --- machine learning --- alternating direction method of multipliers --- Cramer–Rao lower bound --- forward observation model --- linear mixture model --- maximum likelihood --- multiband image fusion --- total variation --- fingerprints --- blood detection --- age determination --- hyperspectral imaging --- lossless compression --- multitemporal hyperspectral images --- information theoretic analysis --- predictive coding --- hyperspectral imaging --- plant phenotyping --- disease detection --- spectral tracking --- time series --- hyperspectral imaging --- principal component analysis --- oxygen saturation --- wound healing --- diabetic foot ulcer --- Raman spectroscopy --- chemical imaging --- compressive detection --- spatial light modulators (SLM) --- digital micromirror device (DMD) --- digital light processor (DLP) --- optimal binary filters --- Chemometrics --- multivariate data analysis --- compressive sensing --- hyperspectral imaging --- multiplexing system --- liquid crystal --- three-dimensional imaging --- integral imaging --- remote sensing --- point target detection --- CS-MUSI --- hyperspectral --- video --- imaging --- coastal dynamics --- moving vehicle imaging --- bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) --- hemispherical conical reflectance factor (HCRF) --- stereo imaging --- digital elevation model --- Virginia Coast Reserve Long Term Ecological Research (VCR LTER) --- Hyperspectral imaging --- painting samples --- retouching pigments --- watercolours --- multivariate analysis --- potatoes --- sprouting --- primordial leaf count --- hyperspectral imaging --- spectroscopy --- fusion --- wavelength selection --- PLSR --- interval partial least squares --- deep learning --- hyperspectral imaging --- neural networks --- machine learning --- image processing --- hyperspectral imaging --- medical imaging by HSI --- HSI for biology --- remote sensing --- hyperspectral microscopy --- fluorescence hyperspectral imaging --- Raman hyperspectral imaging --- infrared hyperspectral imaging --- statistical methods for HSI --- hyperspectral data mining and compression --- statistical methods for HSI --- hyperspectral data mining and compression
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Entropies and entropy-like quantities play an increasing role in modern non-linear data analysis. Fields that benefit from this application range from biosignal analysis to econophysics and engineering. This issue is a collection of papers touching on different aspects of entropy measures in data analysis, as well as theoretical and computational analyses. The relevant topics include the difficulty to achieve adequate application of entropy measures and the acceptable parameter choices for those entropy measures, entropy-based coupling, and similarity analysis, along with the utilization of entropy measures as features in automatic learning and classification. Various real data applications are given.
experiment of design --- empirical mode decomposition --- signal analysis --- similarity indices --- synchronization analysis --- auditory attention --- entropy measure --- linear discriminant analysis (LDA) --- support vector machine (SVM) --- auditory attention classifier --- electroencephalography (EEG) --- vague entropy --- distance induced vague entropy --- distance --- complex fuzzy set --- complex vague soft set --- entropy, entropy visualization --- entropy balance equation --- Shannon-type relations --- multivariate analysis --- machine learning evaluation --- data transformation --- sample entropy --- treadmill walking --- center of pressure displacement --- dual-tasking --- analog circuit --- fault diagnosis --- cross wavelet transform --- Tsallis entropy --- parametric t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding --- support vector machine --- information transfer --- Chinese stock sectors --- effective transfer entropy --- market crash --- system coupling --- cross-visibility graphs --- image entropy --- geodesic distance --- Dempster-Shafer evidence theory --- uncertainty of basic probability assignment --- belief entropy --- plausibility transformation --- weighted Hartley entropy --- Shannon entropy --- learning --- information --- novelty detection --- non-probabilistic entropy --- learning systems --- permutation entropy --- embedded dimension --- short time records --- signal classification --- relevance analysis --- global optimization --- meta-heuristic --- firefly algorithm --- cross-entropy method --- co-evolution --- symbolic analysis --- ordinal patterns --- Permutation entropy --- conditional entropy of ordinal patterns --- Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy --- algorithmic complexity --- information entropy --- particle size distribution --- selfsimilar measure --- simulation --- data analysis --- entropy --- entropy measures --- automatic learning
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This book covers the most recent research activities and achievements regarding to the solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique. It is a powerful sample preparation tool that addresses the new challenges of analytical laboratories. Among others, its fundamental applications involved the sampling of volatile compounds from various matrixes. The demonstrated topics ranged from aroma characterization of various fruits, essential oils to the utilization of SPME for in-tube extraction and isolation of selected compounds from complex samples followed by state-of-the-art analytical techniques.
mango germplasm --- volatile compound --- HS-SPME-GC-MS --- multivariate analysis --- cubeb berry --- principal component analysis (PCA) --- solid-phase microextraction (SPME) --- hydro-distillation (HD) --- simultaneous distillation/extraction (SDE) --- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O) --- SPME --- OH-PAHs --- gas-chromatography --- MTBSTFA --- in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) --- nanoliquid chromatography (nanoLC) --- contact trace analysis --- cannabis --- THC --- solid-phase microextraction --- air sampling --- air analysis --- volatile organic compounds --- COMSOL --- time-weighted average --- terpenes --- terpenoids --- headspace solid phase microextraction --- glandular source --- Monomorium chinense --- DI-SPME --- GC-MS --- Mediterranean fruit fly --- extraction solvent --- metabolites --- leave-one-solute-out (LOSO) cross-validation --- leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validation --- linear free-energy relationship (LFER) model --- membrane-coated fiber (MCF) approach --- partition coefficient --- quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) --- metalworking fluid --- volatile organic compounds --- torrefaction --- waste to carbon --- biochar --- municipal solid waste --- SPME --- aromatic water --- hydrolat --- volatile compounds --- metabolic fingerprint --- eucalyptol --- SPME --- retracted SPME --- TWA SPME --- GC–MS --- on-site sampling --- air quality --- air monitoring --- VOCs --- odor --- environmental analysis --- biogenic emissions --- veraison --- viticulture --- nondestructive analysis --- wine aroma --- diffusion --- grape skin --- vacuum-assisted extraction --- solid-phase microextraction --- VOCs --- historical foods --- preserves --- volatile organic compounds (VOCs) --- bisphenol-A (BPA) --- essential oil --- drying --- SPME --- true lavender --- volatile constituents --- in-tube SPME-MS/MS --- dual ligand organic-silica hybrid monolith capillary --- amino acids --- plasma samples --- pears --- HS-SPME --- volatile compounds --- GC
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The need for efficient and sustainable management methods of mine waste is continuously growing all around the world. These waste products often present serious management problems due to their more or less significant amounts and possible environmental threats. This Special Issue highlights the recent and new trends in sustainable mine waste management techniques. Currently, it is essential to sustainably manage mine waste, considering social, economic, environmental and technical aspects. In this Special Issue, insights related to the following issues are highlighted: the problems around mine waste, the fine characterization of mine waste, the latest available technical and environmental solutions to efficiently manage mine waste, including treatment and processing before disposal and high value element recovery, with the view of moving towards defining effective, low-cost and ecofriendly methods, the recycling of mine waste products as alternative resources in different sectors, and finally laboratory, pilot and/or industrial-scale studies related to these topics of research. Scientists and industry and governance stakeholders have to face these new challenges to find the best management practices for the future.
copper tailings dump --- leaching --- pH --- mobility --- chemical species --- attenuation mechanisms --- aquatic systems --- Zgounder mine --- silver --- tailings --- low-grade silver ores --- flotation --- mineralogical characterization --- mine waste --- management --- sustainability --- bibliometric analysis --- systematic review --- valorisation --- mine waste --- soil washing --- heap leaching --- dump leaching --- mine drainage --- remediation --- acid mine drainage --- geographical information systems --- paste pH --- siderite --- multivariate analysis --- spatial mapping --- iron ore tailings --- iron recovery --- concrete composite admixtures --- reuse --- rheology --- microstructure --- flow behavior --- cemented paste backfill --- mixing --- recovering alkali --- Bayer red mud --- reaction kinetics --- magnesium oxide --- hydrotalcite-like compounds --- sustainable development --- tailings management --- industrial ecology --- sustainable resource management --- mining waste --- circular economy --- mine waste --- tailings --- gravity separation --- stamp mill --- historic tailings --- metals --- exploration --- economic potential --- LIBS --- core scanner --- acid mine drainage --- alkaline amendments --- cementitious amendments --- kinetic testing --- Joutel mine --- environmental mineralogy --- exploration --- contaminant --- geochemical behavior --- acid mine drainage --- mine tailings --- sulfides --- gold reprocessing --- desulfurization --- flotation --- kinetic test --- mining and mineral processing waste (MMPW) --- anthropogenic mineral resources (AMR) --- long-term storage --- supergene processes --- environmental damage --- loss and lost profits --- AMR processing --- n/a
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