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In this special issue of Diagnostics, expert contributors have produced up-to-date research studies and reviews on various topics related to the diagnosis of dementia and cognitive impairment. The methods of the assessments discussed extend from simple neurological signs, which may be elicited in the clinical encounter, through cognitive screening instruments, to sophisticated analyses of neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease. It is hoped that these various methods may facilitate earlier diagnosis of dementia and its subtypes, and provide differential diagnosis of depression and functional cognitive disorders, as a prelude to meaningful interventions.

diagnosis --- dementia --- mild cognitive impairment --- Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination --- Codex --- decision tree --- dementia --- Free-Cog --- MoCA --- mild cognitive impairment --- sensitivity and specificity --- Alzheimer’s disease --- diagnostic imaging --- molecular imaging --- precision medicine --- quantification --- nuclear medicine --- 18F-FDG --- PET --- neurocognitive disorder --- dementia --- mild cognitive impairment --- screening --- accuracy --- standardised mini-mental state examination --- quick mild cognitive impairment screen --- feasibility --- cognitive screening instruments --- cognition --- stroke --- cognitive screening instruments --- dementia --- mild cognitive impairment --- cognitive impairment --- Rapid Cognitive Screen --- Triple Test --- computerized cognitive assessment --- aging --- dementia --- memory --- executive function --- dementia --- TYM --- TYM-MCI --- Alzheimer’s --- functional cognitive disorder --- neurodegeneration --- mild cognitive impairment --- functional neurological disorder cognition --- frontotemporal dementia --- amyloid --- cerebrospinal fluid --- mortality --- differential diagnosis depression vs. MCI/dementia --- mild cognitive impairment --- dementia --- depression in old age --- SKT (Syndrom-Kurztest) --- cognitive assessment --- dementia --- diagnosis --- mild cognitive impairment