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Electrical, optical, ionic and magnetic properties of ceramics are primarily dictated by their crystal structure. They can be improved by introducing impurities, creating long range order/short range order/disorder, engineering defects and utilising specific crystal anisotropy and orientation. This Special Issue is aimed at manuscripts focusing on the recent development of electroceramics and its relation to the crystallography, including the characterisation aspect.In particular, the topic of interest covers the review paper on principles, difficulties and progress of crystal structure determination and refinement from powder diffraction, and ferroelectricity in binary crystals. Other interesting piezoelectric, electrical conducting, dielectric and ferroelectric ceramics are reported with various crystal structural characterisation and microscopy techniques.
crystallography --- ferroelectric --- dielectric --- piezoelectric --- microstructure
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Titanium is a good example of a material that is globally recognized for its outstanding properties, making it desirable for a range of industries. Titanium and its alloys are utilized in a wide range of industries, including aerospace, automotive and high performance leisure equipment. This Special Issue of Metals focusing on titanium contains a range of articles based on research into this fascinating material and its wide range of alloys. For applications that can withstand the high basic cost of titanium it is shown that the unique properties of the material have the potential to provide further performance improvements to existing industries, whilst offering new opportunities to emerging markets.
Titanium --- Alloys --- Processing --- Mechanical properties --- Microstructure
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Space charge contributions to the densification of perovskite ceramics during sintering were assessed in the model system strontium titanate using a combined experimental and analytical approach. Defect chemistry in the bulk and at the grain-boundaries for SrTiO? in high temperature regions were calculated based on literature data. Diffusion coefficients for bulk-diffusion and grain boundary-diffusion were estimated and used with Coble’s equations for densification rates.
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Engineering materials show a pronounced heterogeneity on a smaller scale that influences the macroscopic constitutive behavior. Algorithms for the periodic discretization of microstructures are presented. These are used within the Nonuniform Transformation Field Analysis (NTFA) which is an order reduction based nonlinear homogenization method with micro-mechanical background. Theoretical and numerical aspects of the method are discussed and its computational efficiency is validated.
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The human brain is extraordinary complex and yet its origin is a simple tubular structure. Rapid and dramatic structural growth takes place during the fetal and perinatal period. By the time of birth, a repertoire of major cortical, subcortical and white matter structures resembling the adult pattern has emerged, however there are continued maturational changes of the gray matter and white matter throughout childhood and adolescence and into adulthood. The maturation of neuronal structures provides the neuroanatomical basis for the acquisition and refinement of cognitive functions during postnatal development. Histological imaging has been traditionally dominant in understanding neuroanatomy of early brain development and still plays an unparalleled role in this field. Modern magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques including diffusion MRI, as noninvasive tools readily applied to in vivo brains, have become an important complementary approach in revealing the detailed brain anatomy, including the structural connectivity between brain regions. In this research topic, we presented the most recent investigations on understanding the neuroanatomy and connectivity of human brain development using both histology and MRI. Modern advances in mapping normal developmental brain anatomy and connectivity should elucidate many neurodevelopmental disorders, ranging from rare congenital malformations to common disorders such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is a prerequisite for better diagnosis and treatment of these currently poorly understood diseases.
Brain Development --- diffusion MRI --- fMRI --- Neuroanatomy --- Histology --- microstructure --- connectome --- fetal --- pediatric --- autism
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The model-aided cathode design for lithium ion batteries is presented, which enables a systematically minimization of loss processes and an increase of power and energy density. The cathode model is parametrized without values from literature by combining microstructure analysis via FIB/SEM tomography and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and finally validated.
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Electrode microstructures of a high energy and a high power lithium-ion cell were analyzed in 3D using tomographic methods. Calculation of structural parameters enabled a quantitative comparison of the electrodes. To simulate their electrochemical behavior a finite element model was developed which, for the first time, includes a real particle size distribution. This allowed for an identification of the limiting mechanisms during charging and discharging in the electrodes of both cells.
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In many research areas X-rays are used for analysis. In X-ray full field microscopy a high resolution is achievable independent of the source properties by using imaging lenses. With an objective lens with 100 mm focal length a theoretical resolution of 60nm is achievable at 30 keV. In Experiments a resolution of 200 nm for a field of view of 80 µm
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Custom built setups were developed to investigate micro samples during quasistatic and cyclic testing in tension, compression and bending. Micro molded CuAl10Ni5Fe4-samples showed similar fatigue behavior compared to macroscopic samples due to both the sample size and microstructure being scaled down with the manufacturing process. Results from cyclic three-point bending tests on micro molded 3Y-TZP suggested that a minimum crack extension is necessary to develop cyclically degradable shielding.
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In this Special Issue of Metals, an open access forum is provided for publishing original papers that the covers direct and effective correlations between a wide range of thermomechanical processing routes and generated microstructure, hence, the final physical and mechanical properties of the materials. The following aspects of the science and engineering of various metals and alloys are covered in this book:• Original research studies that relate to the understanding of the properties obtained following specific processing/heat treatment route (Experimental, theoretical, and simulation modeling).• Understanding the mechanisms involved in microstructure evolution and phase transformation during processing of materials, specifically as they relate to the understanding of final mechanical properties.• Nano/micro/macro structure characterization and chemistry of metals/alloys used in automotive, power generation, nuclear, aerospace, and medical applications.• Micro/macro texture devolvement during thermo-mechanical processing of metals/alloys.
Metals --- Alloys --- Microstructure --- Deformation --- Microtexture --- Mechanical Property --- Fracture Mechanics --- Texture --- Material Characterisation --- Grain Boundary --- Dislocation --- Slip System --- Twinning --- EBSD
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