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Le méthane contenu dans le charbon a longtemps constitué un danger pour les exploitations minières (c'est le « grisou » des mineurs) du fait des risques d'explosion qu'il présente. Aujourd'hui, alors que le passé minier tend à s'effacer progressivement, ce gaz naturel pourrait être capté par forage depuis la surface pour servir de nouvelle source d'énergie. En Lorraine, cette perspective soulève de nombreuses interrogations, teintées tantôt d'enthousiasme, tantôt d'inquiétude. D'avril 2013 à décembre 2015, une équipe pluridisciplinaire de chercheurs et d'enseignants-chercheurs de dix laboratoires universitaires français et québécois ont conduit une action de recherche dénommée « GazHouille » portant sur le projet d'exploitation du gaz de charbon en Lorraine et son intégration dans le territoire. L'originalité de leur travail réside dans son caractère transverse, car il apporte des éclairages géographiques, géologiques, de psychologie sociale, économiques, juridiques, politiques, etc., permettant d'appréhender le projet d'exploitation dans plusieurs de ses dimensions. Cet ouvrage rend compte des résultats majeurs de leur étude. Il n'a pas la prétention d'être exhaustif, mais peut servir à alimenter un débat ou une consultation publique sur le thème de gaz de charbon en Lorraine, ainsi qu'à expliciter et formuler les interrogations soulevées par les perspectives de son éventuelle exploitation.

géologie --- société --- exploitation minière --- grisou --- méthane --- gaz naturel

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The deep subsurface is, in addition to space, one of the last unknown frontiers to human kind. A significant part of life on Earth resides in the deep subsurface, hiding great potential of microbial life of which we know only little. The conditions in the deep terrestrial subsurface are thought to resemble those of early Earth, which makes this environment an analog for studying early life in addition to possible extraterrestrial life in ultra-extreme conditions. Early microorganisms played a great role in shaping the conditions on the young Earth. Even today deep subsurface microorganisms interact with their geological environment transforming the conditions in the groundwater and on rock surfaces. Essential elements for life are richly present but in difficultly accessible form. The elements driving the microbial deep life is still not completely identified. Most of the microorganisms detected by novel molecular techniques still lack cultured representatives. Nevertheless, using modern sequencing techniques and bioinformatics the functional roles of these microorganisms are being revealed. We are starting to see the differences and similarities between the life in the deep subsurface and surface domains. We may even begin to see the function of evolution by comparing deep life to life closer to the surface of Earth. Deep life consists of organisms from all known domains of life. This Research Topic reveals some of the rich diversity and functional properties of the great biomass residing in the deep dark subsurface.

Terrestrial deep biosphere --- Eukaryotes --- Groundwater --- microbiome --- Heavy metal resistance --- MINE --- Nitrogen Cycle --- Iron oxidation --- Methane --- cave

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Deep subsurface microbiology is a highly active and rapidly advancing research field at the interface of microbiology and the geosciences; it focuses on the detection, identification, quantification, cultivation and activity measurements of bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes that permeate the subsurface biosphere of deep marine sediments and the basaltic ocean and continental crust. The deep subsurface biosphere abounds with uncultured, only recently discovered and – at best - incompletely understood microbial populations. In spatial extent and volume, Earth’s subsurface biosphere is only rivaled by the deep sea water column. So far, no deep subsurface sediment has been found that is entirely devoid of microbial life; microbial cells and DNA remain detectable at sediment depths of more than 1 km; microbial life permeates deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, and is also found several kilometers down in continental crust aquifers. Severe energy limitation, either as electron acceptor or donor shortage, and scarcity of microbially degradable organic carbon sources are among the evolutionary pressures that have shaped the genomic and physiological repertoire of the deep subsurface biosphere. Its biogeochemical role as long-term organic carbon repository, inorganic electron and energy source, and subduction recycling engine continues to be explored by current research at the interface of microbiology, geochemistry and biosphere/geosphere evolution. This Research Topic addresses some of the central research questions about deep subsurface microbiology and biogeochemistry: phylogenetic and physiological microbial diversity in the deep subsurface; microbial activity and survival strategies in severely energy-limited subsurface habitats; microbial activity as reflected in process rates and gene expression patterns; biogeographic isolation and connectivity in deep subsurface microbial communities; the ecological standing of subsurface biospheres in comparison to the surface biosphere – an independently flourishing biosphere, or mere survivors that tolerate burial (along with organic carbon compounds), or a combination of both? Advancing these questions on Earth’s deep subsurface biosphere redefines the habitat range, environmental tolerance, activity and diversity of microbial life.

deep subsurface --- marine sediment --- deep biosphere --- ocean crust --- subseafloor sediment --- Methane --- Peru margin --- Hydrogen --- acetogenesis --- sulfate reduction

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This volume provides unique views of combustion from many technical and international research perspectives.

steam methane reformer --- computational fluid dynamics --- tube surface temperature --- hydrogen yield --- wall shear stress --- swirling burner --- flaring angle --- fuel rich/lean combustion --- low load --- combustion adjustment --- flue gas mercury removal --- activated carbon sorbent --- CeO2 doping --- density functional theory(DFT) calculations --- air-pollution control --- battery recycling --- heavy metals --- control system efficiency --- chemical analysis --- short stroke engine --- bioethanol --- Atkinson cycle --- solid fuel --- cooking stove --- field study --- biofuel burner --- combustion --- ecological fuels --- energy management --- cleaner combustion --- fluidized bed --- powder coke --- MP-PIC method --- emission characteristics --- tubular diffusion flame --- methane/air --- NO emissions --- quantitative reaction pathway diagrams --- oxy-fuel combustion --- porous plate reactor --- oxidizer ratio --- methane --- CFD --- iso-octane --- high-pressure turbulent burning velocity --- Lewis number --- general correlations --- self-similar spherical flame propagation --- methane hydrate --- gas hydrate --- methane clathrate --- hydrate combustion --- hydrate flame spectrum --- hydrate ignition --- watery flames --- mitigation --- climate change --- ultra-lean methane flame --- lean flames --- methane–air combustion --- PIV --- GRI-Mech 3.0

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Compared to conventional chemical technologies and other similar industrial processes, bioprocesses represent a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly alternative for the production of fuels and platform chemicals. In biorefineries, different kinds of feedstocks, such as biomass or lignocellulosic materials in general, can be used and fermented by microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, algae), after some pretreatment steps, to produce high added-value metabolites. More recently, wastes, wastewaters and also waste gases have been shown to be suitable for resource recovery or for their bioconversion to (bio)fuels (e.g., ethanol, butanol, hexanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen, biogas) or other commercial products (e.g., biopolymers). In this sense, much effort has also been made to bioconvert greenhouse gases, such as CO2, into useful products.The goal of this Special Issue is to publish both recent innovative research data, as well as review papers on the fermentation of different types of substrates to commercial (bio)fuels and (bio)products, mainly focusing on the bioconversion of pollutants in solid, liquid, or gas phases (wastes, wastewaters, waste gases).

Acetogens --- Algae --- Bioalcohols --- Biodiesel --- Biogas --- Biohydrogen --- Bioreactor --- Carbon dioxide (CO2) --- Carbon monoxide (CO) --- Clostridia --- Fungi --- Life cycle assessment (LCA) --- Metabolic engineering --- Methane (CH4) --- Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) --- Polyhydroxyalkanoates --- Solid waste --- Syngas --- Waste gas --- Wastewater