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Fractional calculus provides the possibility of introducing integrals and derivatives of an arbitrary order in the mathematical modelling of physical processes, and it has become a relevant subject with applications to various fields, such as anomalous diffusion, propagation in different media, and propogation in relation to materials with different properties. However, many aspects from theoretical and practical points of view have still to be developed in relation to models based on fractional operators. This Special Issue is related to new developments on different aspects of fractional differential equations, both from a theoretical point of view and in terms of applications in different fields such as physics, chemistry, or control theory, for instance. The topics of the Issue include fractional calculus, the mathematical analysis of the properties of the solutions to fractional equations, the extension of classical approaches, or applications of fractional equations to several fields.

fractional q-difference equation --- existence and uniqueness --- positive solutions --- fixed point theorem on mixed monotone operators --- fractional p-Laplacian --- Kirchhoff-type equations --- fountain theorem --- modified functional methods --- Moser iteration method --- fractional-order neural networks --- delays --- distributed delays --- impulses --- Mittag–Leffler synchronization --- Lyapunov functions --- Razumikhin method --- generalized convexity --- b-vex functions --- sub-b-s-convex functions --- oscillation --- nonlinear differential system --- delay differential system --- ?-fractional derivative --- positive solution --- fractional thermostat model --- fixed point index --- dependence on a parameter --- Hermite–Hadamard’s Inequality --- Convex Functions --- Power-mean Inequality --- Jenson Integral Inequality --- Riemann—Liouville Fractional Integration --- Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method (LADM) --- Navier-Stokes equation --- Caputo Operator --- fractional-order system --- model order reduction --- controllability and observability Gramians --- energy inequality --- integral conditions --- fractional wave equation --- existence and uniqueness --- initial boundary value problem --- conformable fractional derivative --- conformable partial fractional derivative --- conformable double Laplace decomposition method --- conformable Laplace transform --- singular one dimensional coupled Burgers’ equation

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Due to the influence of pore-throat size distribution, pore connectivity, and microscale fractures, the transport, distribution, and residual saturation of fluids in porous media are difficult to characterize. Petrophysical methods in natural porous media have attracted great attention in a variety of fields, especially in the oil and gas industry. A wide range of research studies have been conducted on the characterization of porous media covers and multiphase flow therein. Reliable approaches for characterizing microstructure and multiphase flow in porous media are crucial in many fields, including the characterization of residual water or oil in hydrocarbon reservoirs and the long-term storage of supercritical CO2 in geological formations. This book gathers together 15 recent works to emphasize fundamental innovations in the field and novel applications of petrophysics in unconventional reservoirs, including experimental studies, numerical modeling (fractal approach), and multiphase flow modeling/simulations. The relevant stakeholders of this book are authorities and service companies working in the petroleum, subsurface water resources, air and water pollution, environmental, and biomaterial sectors.

Wilkins equation --- non-laminar flow --- turbulence modelling --- porous media --- oil tanker --- temperature drop --- oscillating motion --- numerical simulation --- soil-water characteristic curve --- initial void ratio --- air-entry value --- fractal dimension --- fractal model --- oil properties --- diffusion coefficient --- supercritical CO2 --- Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) --- CT --- digital rock --- microfractures --- Lattice Boltzmann method --- pore-scale simulations --- tight sandstone --- pore structure --- multifractal --- classification --- Ordos Basin --- loose media --- coal --- porosity --- true density --- bulk density --- overburden pressure --- particle size --- tight conglomerate --- fracture characterization and prediction --- fractal method --- salt rock --- creep --- damage --- fractional derivative --- acoustic emission --- marine gas hydrate --- submarine landslide --- greenhouse gas emission --- lifecycle management --- hazard prevention --- multilayer reservoir --- interlayer interference --- producing degree --- seepage resistance --- wellbore multiphase flow --- inclined angle --- liquid rate --- gas rate --- pressure drawdown model with new coefficients --- base-level cycle --- pore structure --- mouth bar sand body --- Huanghua Depression --- isotopic composition --- methane --- gas hydrate --- South China Sea --- Bakken Formation --- pore structure --- controlling factors --- low-temperature nitrogen adsorption --- petrophysics --- fractal porous media --- unconventional reservoirs --- multiphase flow

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This Special Issue aims to be a compilation of new results in the areas of differential and difference Equations, covering boundary value problems, systems of differential and difference equations, as well as analytical and numerical methods. The objective is to provide an overview of techniques used in these different areas and to emphasize their applicability to real-life phenomena, by the inclusion of examples. These examples not only clarify the theoretical results presented, but also provide insight on how to apply, for future works, the techniques used.

Legendre wavelets --- collocation method --- three-step Taylor method --- asymptotic stability --- time-dependent partial differential equations --- non-instantaneous impulses --- Caputo fractional derivative --- differential equations --- state dependent delays --- lipschitz stability --- limit-periodic solutions --- difference equations --- exponential dichotomy --- strong nonlinearities --- effective existence criteria --- population dynamics --- discrete Lyapunov equation --- difference equations --- Hilbert space --- dichotomy --- exponential stability --- ?-Laplacian operator --- mean curvature operator --- heteroclinic solutions --- problems in the real line --- lower and upper solutions --- Nagumo condition on the real line --- fixed point theory --- coupled nonlinear systems --- functional boundary conditions --- Schauder’s fixed point theory --- Arzèla Ascoli theorem --- lower and upper solutions --- first order periodic systems --- SIRS epidemic model --- mathematical modelling --- Navier–Stokes equations --- global solutions --- regular solutions --- a priori estimates --- weak solutions --- kinetic energy --- dissipation --- Bäcklund transformation --- Clairin’s method --- generalized Liouville equation --- Miura transformation --- Korteweg-de Vries equation --- second-order differential/difference/q-difference equation of hypergeometric type --- non-uniform lattices --- divided-difference equations --- polynomial solution --- integro-differentials --- Sumudu decomposition method --- dynamical system

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Researches and investigations involving the theory and applications of integral transforms and operational calculus are remarkably wide-spread in many diverse areas of the mathematical, physical, chemical, engineering and statistical sciences.

highly oscillatory --- convolution quadrature rule --- volterra integral equation --- Bessel kernel --- convergence --- higher order Schwarzian derivatives --- Janowski star-like function --- Janowski convex function --- bound on derivatives --- tangent numbers --- tangent polynomials --- Carlitz-type q-tangent numbers --- Carlitz-type q-tangent polynomials --- (p,q)-analogue of tangent numbers and polynomials --- (p,q)-analogue of tangent zeta function --- symmetric identities --- zeros --- Lommel functions --- univalent functions --- starlike functions --- convex functions --- inclusion relationships --- analytic function --- Hankel determinant --- exponential function --- upper bound --- nonlinear boundary value problems --- fractional-order differential equations --- Riemann-Stieltjes functional integral --- Liouville-Caputo fractional derivative --- infinite-point boundary conditions --- advanced and deviated arguments --- existence of at least one solution --- Fredholm integral equation --- Schauder fixed point theorem --- Hölder condition --- generalized Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation --- modified Kudryashov method --- exact solutions --- Maple graphs --- analytic function --- Hadamard product (convolution) --- partial sum --- Srivastava–Tomovski generalization of Mittag–Leffler function --- subordination --- differential equation --- differential inclusion --- Liouville–Caputo-type fractional derivative --- fractional integral --- existence --- fixed point --- Bernoulli spiral --- Grandi curves --- Chebyshev polynomials --- pseudo-Chebyshev polynomials --- orthogonality property --- symmetric --- encryption --- password --- hash --- cryptography --- PBKDF --- q–Bleimann–Butzer–Hahn operators --- (p,q)-integers --- (p,q)-Bernstein operators --- (p,q)-Bleimann–Butzer–Hahn operators --- modulus of continuity --- rate of approximation --- K-functional --- Hurwitz-Lerch zeta function --- generalized functions --- analytic number theory --- ?-generalized Hurwitz-Lerch zeta functions --- derivative properties --- series representation --- basic hypergeometric functions --- generating functions --- q-polynomials --- analytic functions --- Mittag–Leffler functions --- starlike functions --- convex functions --- Hardy space --- vibrating string equation --- initial conditions --- spectral decomposition --- regular solution --- the uniqueness of the solution --- the existence of a solution --- analytic --- ?-convex function --- starlike function --- strongly-starlike function --- subordination --- q -Sheffer–Appell polynomials --- generating relations --- determinant definition --- recurrence relation --- q -Hermite–Bernoulli polynomials --- q -Hermite–Euler polynomials --- q -Hermite–Genocchi polynomials --- Volterra integral equations --- highly oscillatory Bessel kernel --- Hermite interpolation --- direct Hermite collocation method --- piecewise Hermite collocation method --- differential operator --- q-hypergeometric functions --- meromorphic function --- Mittag–Leffler function --- Hadamard product --- differential subordination --- starlike functions --- Bell numbers --- radius estimate --- (p, q)-integers --- Dunkl analogue --- generating functions --- generalization of exponential function --- Szász operator --- modulus of continuity --- function spaces and their duals --- distributions --- tempered distributions --- Schwartz testing function space --- generalized functions --- distribution space --- wavelet transform of generalized functions --- Fourier transform --- analytic function --- subordination --- Dziok–Srivastava operator --- nonlinear boundary value problem --- nonlocal --- multi-point --- multi-strip --- existence --- Ulam stability --- functions of bounded boundary and bounded radius rotations --- subordination --- functions with positive real part --- uniformly starlike and convex functions --- analytic functions --- univalent functions --- starlike and q-starlike functions --- q-derivative (or q-difference) operator --- sufficient conditions --- distortion theorems --- Janowski functions --- analytic number theory --- ?-generalized Hurwitz–Lerch zeta functions --- derivative properties --- recurrence relations --- integral representations --- Mellin transform --- natural transform --- Adomian decomposition method --- Caputo fractional derivative --- generalized mittag-leffler function --- analytic functions --- Hadamard product --- starlike functions --- q-derivative (or q-difference) operator --- Hankel determinant --- q-starlike functions --- fuzzy volterra integro-differential equations --- fuzzy general linear method --- fuzzy differential equations --- generalized Hukuhara differentiability --- spectrum symmetry --- DCT --- MFCC --- audio features --- anuran calls --- analytic functions --- convex functions --- starlike functions --- strongly convex functions --- strongly starlike functions --- uniformly convex functions --- Struve functions --- truncated-exponential polynomials --- monomiality principle --- generating functions --- Apostol-type polynomials and Apostol-type numbers --- Bernoulli, Euler and Genocchi polynomials --- Bernoulli, Euler, and Genocchi numbers --- operational methods --- summation formulas --- symmetric identities --- Euler numbers and polynomials --- q-Euler numbers and polynomials --- Hurwitz-Euler eta function --- multiple Hurwitz-Euler eta function --- higher order q-Euler numbers and polynomials --- (p, q)-Euler numbers and polynomials of higher order --- symmetric identities --- symmetry of the zero

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Inequalities appear in various fields of natural science and engineering. Classical inequalities are still being improved and/or generalized by many researchers. That is, inequalities have been actively studied by mathematicians. In this book, we selected the papers that were published as the Special Issue ‘’Inequalities’’ in the journal Mathematics (MDPI publisher). They were ordered by similar topics for readers’ convenience and to give new and interesting results in mathematical inequalities, such as the improvements in famous inequalities, the results of Frame theory, the coefficient inequalities of functions, and the kind of convex functions used for Hermite–Hadamard inequalities. The editor believes that the contents of this book will be useful to study the latest results for researchers of this field.

analytic functions --- starlike functions --- convex functions --- Fekete-Szegö inequality --- Hilbert C*-module --- g-frame --- g-Bessel sequence --- adjointable operator --- analytic functions --- starlike functions --- convex functions --- Fekete-Szegö inequality --- operator inequality --- positive linear map --- operator Kantorovich inequality --- geometrically convex function --- frame --- weaving frame --- weaving frame operator --- alternate dual frame --- Hilbert space --- quantum estimates --- Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities --- quasi-convex --- Hermite–Hadamard type inequality --- strongly ?-convex functions --- Hölder’s inequality --- Power mean inequality --- Katugampola fractional integrals --- Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals --- Hadamard fractional integrals --- Steffensen’s inequality --- higher order convexity --- Green functions --- Montgomery identity --- Fink’s identity --- Hermite-Hadamard inequality --- interval-valued functions --- (h1, h2)-convex --- majorization inequality --- twice differentiable convex functions --- refined inequality --- Taylor theorem --- Gronwall–Bellman inequality --- proportional fractional derivative --- Riemann–Liouville and Caputo proportional fractional initial value problem --- convex functions --- Fejér’s inequality --- special means --- weaving frame --- weaving K-frame --- K-dual --- pseudo-inverse --- ?-variation --- one-sided singular integral --- commutator --- one-sided weighted Morrey space --- one-sided weighted Campanato space --- power inequalities --- exponential inequalities --- trigonometric inequalities --- weight function --- half-discrete Hardy-Hilbert’s inequality --- parameter --- Euler-Maclaurin summation formula --- reverse inequality