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Disinformation and so-called fake news are contemporary phenomena with rich histories. Disinformation, or the willful introduction of false information for the purposes of causing harm, recalls infamous foreign interference operations in national media systems. Outcries over fake news, or dubious stories with the trappings of news, have coincided with the introduction of new media technologies that disrupt the publication, distribution and consumption of news -- from the so-called rumour-mongering broadsheets centuries ago to the blogosphere recently. Designating a news organization as fake, or der Lügenpresse, has a darker history, associated with authoritarian regimes or populist bombast diminishing the reputation of 'elite media' and the value of inconvenient truths. In a series of empirical studies, using digital methods and data journalism, the authors inquire into the extent to which social media have enabled the penetration of foreign disinformation operations, the widespread publication and spread of dubious content as well as extreme commentators with considerable followings attacking mainstream media as fake.

fake news --- disinformation --- post-truth --- social media --- digital methods

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Journalism --- Political Communication --- Media and Communication --- Open Access --- Medienkritik --- Glaubwürdigkeit --- Lügenpresse --- Öffentlichkeit --- Fake News --- Internet --- Alternativmedien --- öffentliche Bürgerkommunikation --- Originalquellen --- journalistische Qualität --- Einflussfaktoren auf Vertrauen in Journalismus --- Qualitätserwartungen und Qualitätswahrnehmungen --- alternative Ereignisdarstellungen --- qualitative Leitfadeninterviews --- quantitative Online-Befragung --- Misstrauenstypen --- Vertrauenstypen --- Gatekeeper --- Nachrichtennutzung --- Media, entertainment, information & communication industries --- Political science & theory --- Media studies

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Globalization and telecoupling are enhancing the complexity of the coupled socio-ecological system constituted by the interaction between the global ecosphere and the anthroposphere. As a result, the demand for tools to identify transformative innovations, assess future risks, and support precautionary decisions for sustainability is growing by the day in business and politics. Scenarios are a means of simplification, reducing the real-world complexity to a limited number of essential factors to analyze their interactions and support policy formulation, with indicators as communication and monitoring tools. In particular, in a time of fake news and alternative truths a critical reflection amongst producers and users of scenarios and indicators is overdue; the capability for critical self-reflection is what distinguishes science from pseudo-science, and is a condition of trust. The authors of this book test established measurement and modeling approaches against new challenges, assess the weaknesses of prevailing innovation theories and the political-ideological embedment of archetypical scenarios, highlight deficits in taking the physical basics into account, and the need to understand global interaction and the stepwise process of energy transitions, point out technical as well as conceptual weaknesses in data collection, harmonization and indicator generation, always with a view to solving problems.

sustainable development goals --- Agenda 2030 --- global indicator framework --- sustainability indicators --- SDGs --- sustainability indicators --- gross domestic product --- GDP --- fake news --- tweets --- scenarios --- world views --- values --- policies --- models and modes of science --- energy supply --- international inequality --- renewable energy --- fossil energy system --- tourist destination --- sustainable tourism --- indicators --- European Tourism Indicator System (ETIS) --- Visit South Sardinia --- modelling --- science-policy interface --- grid flexibility --- bio-economics --- energy transition --- storage --- curtailment --- indicators --- climate change --- biodiversity --- data needs --- monitoring --- policy advice --- Germany --- sustainable production and consumption --- resource indicator --- sustainable development goals --- material footprint --- household consumption --- microdata --- environmental innovation --- sustainability transition --- transformation --- evolutionary economics --- multi-level perspective --- innovation systems --- long-wave theory --- agency --- decision-making --- institutions --- sustainable development --- indicators --- stakeholders --- goals --- challenges --- opportunities --- societal impact