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This Special Issue addresses the general problem of a proper match between the demands of energy users and the units for energy conversion and storage, by means of proper design and operation of the overall energy system configuration. The focus is either on systems including single plants or groups of plants, connected or not to one or more energy distribution networks. In both cases, the optimum design and operation involve decisions about thermodynamic processes, about the type, number, design parameters of components/plants, and storage capacities, and about mutual interconnections and the interconnections with the distribution grids. The problem is absolutely general, encompassing design and operation of energy systems for single houses, groups of houses, industries, industrial districts, municipal areas, regions and countries. The presented papers show that similar approaches can be used in different applications, although a general standard has not been achieved yet.

advanced exergy-based analysis --- superstructure-based --- superstructure-free --- mathematical programming --- flowsheet synthesis --- multi-objective optimization --- thermal power plants --- gas supply chain --- optimization --- distributed energy --- liquefied natural gas (LNG) --- compressed natural gas (CNG) --- small-scale compressed-air energy storage (SS-CAES) --- energy storage --- exergy analysis --- optimization --- Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA) --- Violation Constraint-Handling (VCH) --- oil palm --- palm oil mills --- palm oil residues --- value-added products --- supply chains optimization --- spatial analysis --- techno-economic analysis --- wave energy --- battery storage --- price estimation --- hourly distribution --- electricity production --- electricity demand --- synthesis/design optimization --- cycle configuration --- absorption technology --- absorption refrigerator --- district energy system --- optimization --- renewable energy systems --- combined heat and power --- operating cost --- uncertainty --- reliability --- sustainability --- IEEE-RTS --- uncertainties --- MONA --- energy storage --- thermo-electric --- supercritical CO2 --- solar energy --- thermal energy storage --- mixed integer linear programming --- rolling-horizon --- combined heat and power --- optimization --- energy systems --- integrated ship energy systems --- synthesis --- design and operation optimization --- intertemporal optimization --- dynamic optimization --- smart energy systems --- Mixed-Integer NonLinear/Linear Programming (MINLP/MILP) --- dynamic modelling --- design and operation optimization --- fleet of energy conversion and storage units --- smart power systems --- multi-energy systems --- optimization of energy systems design and operation