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Ethanol is a very elusive drug, which has mechanisms of action that are diverse and relatively non-selective. Moreover, ethanol has been demonstrated to be a biologically active substance by itself, but also a pro-drug of the neuroactive metabolites, acetaldehyde and acetate. Acetaldehyde has traditionally been known as a toxic substance with several effects on multiple systems. However, in the last few decades evidence has accumulated to reveal the specific and, in some instances, distinct neural actions of acetaldehyde and acetate that are in part responsible for some of the observed psychoactive effects of ethanol. The present issue will address these challenges to provide an up-to-date synopsis of the behavioral and neurophysiological impact of the two direct metabolites of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetate. In doing so, this issue will present human and rodent evidence on their behavioral and neurophysiological impact, either when administered alone as drugs, or when metabolically-derived from their parent compound. Emphasis will be placed to stress the importance of the different enzymatic systems that intervene to produce these metabolites, either peripherally and/or directly in the brain. Similarly, this Research Topic will be aimed at addressing some of the possible mechanisms of action of acetaldehyde and acetate in different brain areas and in different intracellular systems. Furthermore, the issue will lay out some of the suggested mechanisms of action of ethanol and of its metabolites by which they form adducts with other molecules and neurotransmitters such as dopamine and opioids (which lead to salsolinol and tetrahydropapaveroline, respectively), and their impact on the synthesis and actions of neuromodulators such as adenosine and the cannabinoid system.
Ethanol --- Catalase --- acetate --- Dopamine --- Salsolinol --- Opioids --- Addiction --- Drug abuse
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Maxi calcium-activated potassium channels (BK) are an amazing category of ion channels which are found in cellular plasma membranes as well as in membranes of intracellular organelles. The function of these channels is to repolarize any excited membrane by passing a potassium outward current, in response to depolarization and/or increase in local calcium levels. Thus, voltage and calcium ions are involved in gating the channel under physiological conditions. This dual activation makes them perfect sensors for many cellular events that require integration between intracellular calcium levels and electrical signals. A plethora of physiological and pathophysiological functions, such as membrane hyperpolarization, modulation of synaptic transmission, hormone secretion or mental deficiencies, vaso-regulation, epilepsies, heart diseases, myotonic dystrophies, hypertension etc, in almost all cells and tissues were reported for these channels. BK channels are main targets for important ligands like alcohol and gaseous neurotransmitters, such as NO, CO or H2S, to name a few. In the last years, the molecular entities and mechanisms involved in modulation of BK channels have gained tremendous attention, as the key role of these channels in cellular processes became increasingly recognized. Indeed, accessory proteins such as slob, beta and gamma subunits, all serve to modulate the channel gating characteristics. Moreover, channel subunit expression and function is further tuned by phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation processes, redox mechanisms and the lipid microenvironment of the BK channel protein complex. This e-book contains structural and functional aspects of BK channels, channel modulation by a variety of agents and cellular components, as well as the channel’s relevance in health and disease.
BK channel --- Slo --- health --- disease --- ethanol --- nervous system --- hydrogensulfide --- maxi calcium activated potassium channel --- KCNMA1 --- ischemia
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proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- direct alcohol fuel cell --- alkaline fuel cell --- pt alloys --- core-shell --- non-precious metal --- metal oxide --- methanol oxidation --- ethanol oxidation --- density functional theory
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Exploring how to counteract the world's energy insecurity and environmental pollution, this volume covers the production methods, properties, storage, engine tests, system modification, transportation and distribution, economics, safety aspects, applications, and material compatibility of alternative fuels. The esteemed editor highlights the importance of moving toward alternative fuels and the problems and environmental impact of depending on petroleum products. Each self-contained chapter focuses on a particular fuel source, including vegetable oils, biodiesel, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, liquefied petroleum gas, natural gas, hydrogen, electric, fuel cells, and fuel from nonfood crops.
Power and Energy --- Automotive Technology and Engineering --- ENG --- MechanicalEngineering --- ENERGYANDCLEANTECH --- SCI-TECH --- STM --- Alternative Energy Sources --- Alternative Fuels --- Biodiesel --- Ethanol --- Fuel Technology --- Internal Combustion Engines --- Methanol --- Nonconventional Fuels --- Renewable Energy --- Sustainable Development
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The high demand and depletion of petroleum reserves and the associated impact on the environment, together with volatility in the energy market price over the past three decades, have led to tremendous efforts in bio-based research activities, especially in biofuels and biochemicals. Most people associate petroleum with gasoline, however, approximately 6000 petroleum-derived products are available on the market today. Ironically, these petroleum-derived products have not elicited a high level of interest among the populace and media due, in part, to little awareness of the origins of these important products. Given the finite nature of petroleum, it is critical to devote substantial amounts of energy and resources on the development of renewable chemicals, as is currently done for fuels. Theoretically, the bioproduction of gasoline-like fuels and the 6000 petroleum-derived products are within the realm of possibility since our aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems contain abundant and diverse microorganisms capable of catalyzing unlimited numbers of reactions. Moreover, the fields of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have evolved to the point that a wide range of microorganisms can be enticed or manipulated to catalyze foreign, or improve indigenous, biosynthetic reactions. To increase the concentration of products of interest and to ensure consistent productivity and yield, compatible fermentation processes must be used. Greater agricultural and chemical production during the past three decades, due in part to population increase and industrialization, has generated increasing levels of waste, which must be treated prior to discharge into waterways or wastewater treatment plants. Thus, in addition to the need to understand the physiology and metabolism of microbial catalysts of biotechnological significance, development of cost-effective fermentation strategies to produce biofuels and chemicals of interests while generating minimal waste, or better yet, converting waste into value-added products, is crucial. In this Special Issue, we invite authors to submit original research and review articles that increase our understanding of fermentation technology vis-à-vis production of liquid biofuels and biochemicals, and fermentation strategies that alleviate product toxicity to the fermenting microorganism while enhancing productivity. Further, original research articles and reviews focused on anaerobic digestion, production of gaseous biofuels, fermentation optimization using modelling and simulations, metabolic engineering, or development of tailor-made fermentation processes are welcome.
anaerobic digestion --- biogas --- bioreactors --- biotransformation --- butanediol --- butanol --- butyric acid --- Clostridium acetobutylicum --- Clostridium beijerinckii --- Clostridium pasteurianum --- co-culture --- co-fermentation --- cofactors --- corn stover --- ethanol --- Escherichia coli --- furfural --- glycerol --- hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) --- isopropanol --- lactic acid --- lignocellulose --- lignocellulose derived microbial inhibitory compounds (LDMICs) --- metabolic engineering --- microalgae --- Miscanthus giganteus --- mixed sugars fermentation --- phenolic compounds --- process integration --- propanediol --- redox --- simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) --- succinic acid --- switchgrass --- syngas fermentation --- synthetic biology --- techno-economics of production --- transcriptomics
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Interest in the study of life in hot environments, both with respect to the inhabiting microorganisms and the enzymes they produce, is currently very high. The biological mechanisms responsible for the resistance to high temperatures are not yet fully understood, whereas thermostability is a highly required feature for industrial applications. In this e-book, the invited authors provide diverse evidence contributing to the understanding of such mechanisms and the unlocking of the biotechnological potential of thermophiles and thermozymes.
Brevibacillus sp. OA30 --- thermophilic --- hot spring --- Algeria --- protease --- characterization --- Vallitalea guaymasensis --- hydrothermal vent --- syntrophy --- whole-genome sequence --- cellulases --- thermophiles --- metagenomics --- biotechnology --- Thermostable --- xylanase --- Geobacillus --- lignocellulosic biomass --- ethanol --- thermophilic proteins --- protein engineering --- protein stability --- evolvability --- Candida rugosa --- lipase --- kinetic --- interfacial activation --- inhibition --- dimerization --- structure --- molecular tunnels --- enzyme structure --- enzyme activity --- temperature --- thermophile --- thermophily --- enzyme thermostability --- archaea --- methylation --- pseudouridine --- RNA modification --- tRNA methyltransferase --- tRNA modification --- insertion sequence --- transposons --- transposases --- HGT --- Thermus --- thermophiles --- mobilome --- n/a
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Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are dramatically influencing the environment, and research is strongly committed to proposing alternatives, mainly based on renewable energy sources. Low GHG electricity production from renewables is well established but issues of grid balancing are limiting their application. Energy storage is a key topic for the further deployment of renewable energy production. Besides batteries and other types of electrical storage, electrofuels and bioderived fuels may offer suitable alternatives in some specific scenarios. This Special Issue includes contributions on the energy conversion technologies and use, energy storage, technologies integration, e-fuels, and pilot and large-scale applications.
hybrid power system --- lithium-ion battery (LIB) --- supercapacitor (SC) --- alternative maritime power (AMP) --- bulk carrier --- PV --- probability prediction --- sparse Gaussian process regression --- least squares support vector machine --- combination method --- ship structure --- LNG-fueled ship --- green ship --- numerical analysis --- flow characteristics --- molten carbonate fuel cell system --- hybrid refinery --- power-to-gas --- biofuel --- jet fuel --- feasibility study --- cellulosic ethanol --- GHG savings --- R& --- D funding --- electric vehicles EV --- optimal sizing --- charging infrastructure --- Markov chain --- EV fleet forecasts --- decarbonization --- n/a
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This book is a special collection of articles dedicated to the preparation and characterization of nanoporous materials, such as zeolitic-type materials, mesoporous silica (SBA-15, MCM-41, and KIT-6), mesoporous metallic oxides, metal–organic framework structures (MOFs), and pillared clays, and their applications in adsorption, catalysis, and separation processes. This book presents a global vision of researchers from international universities, research centers, and industries working with nanoporous materials and shares the latest results on the synthesis and characterization of such materials, which have given rise to the special interest in their applications in basic and industrial processes.
metal organic framework --- reaction mechanism --- confined environment --- glass --- adsorption --- surface properties --- copper removal --- IGC --- paraffins --- kaolin --- metakaolin --- zeolite A --- cationic dye adsorption --- ionic liquid --- ?-diimine --- nickel --- heterogenized --- ?-zeolite --- MCM-41 --- oligomerization --- mesoporous silica --- KIT-6 --- synthesis parameters --- cubic structure --- epoxidation --- cyclohexene --- niobium oxyhydroxide catalysts --- liquid/nanoporous material system --- gas amount --- degassing pretreatment --- liquid outflow --- liquid-gas interaction --- zeolites --- mesopores --- diffusion --- surfactant --- silica pillared clays --- antibiotics adsorption --- STW zeolite --- aluminosilicate --- seeds --- 2-ethyl-1,3,4-trimethylimidazolium --- hydrofluoric media --- ethanol dehydration --- zeolite --- MWW --- MCM-22 --- hierarchical zeolite --- lamellar zeolite --- layered zeolite --- two-dimensional zeolites --- swelling --- pillaring --- delaminating --- third-order nonlinearity --- self-focusing --- TPA --- porous silicon --- Z-scan --- n/a
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This Special Issue is aimed at highlighting the potentialities of membrane and membrane reactor operations in various sectors of chemical engineering, based on application of the process intensification strategy. In all of the contributions, the principles of process intensification were pursued during the adoption of membrane technology, demonstrating how it may lead to the development of redesigned processes that are more compact and efficient while also being more environmental friendly, energy saving, and amenable to integration with other green processes. This Special Issue comprises a number of experimental and theoretical studies dealing with the application of membrane and membrane reactor technology in various scientific fields of chemical engineering, such as membrane distillation for wastewater treatment, hydrogen production from reforming reactions via inorganic membrane and membrane photoassisted reactors, membrane desalination, gas/liquid phase membrane separation of CO2, and membrane filtration for the recovery of antioxidants from agricultural byproducts, contributing to valorization of the potentialities of membrane operations.
membrane engineering --- hydrogen production --- CO2 conversion --- gas/liquid separation --- micro direct methanol fuel cell (µDMFC) --- porous membranes --- micro channel --- two-phase flow --- micro contactor --- separator --- water splitting --- Z-scheme --- photocatalysis --- photocatalytic membrane reactor --- hydrogen --- on-board --- steam reforming --- ethanol --- methane --- membrane reactor --- palladium --- modeling --- membrane distillation --- wastewater treatment --- membrane configuration --- fouling renewable heat sources --- membrane reactor --- Pd-based membrane --- hydrogen --- steam reforming --- solar energy --- microfiltration (MF) --- ultrafiltration (UF) --- orange press liquor --- clarification --- multivariate analysis --- advanced separations --- desalination --- hydrogel composite membranes --- ionic liquids membranes --- membrane distillation
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During the last few years, industrial fermentation technologies have advanced in order to improve the quality of the final product. Some examples of those modern technologies are the biotechnology developments of microbial materials, such as Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts or lactic bacteria from different genera. Other technologies are related to the use of additives and adjuvants, such as nutrients, enzymes, fining agents, or preservatives and their management, which directly influence the quality and reduce the risks in final fermentation products. Other technologies are based on the management of thermal treatments, filtrations, pressure applications, ultrasounds, UV, and so on, which have also led to improvements in fermentation quality in recent years. The aim of the issue is to study new technologies able to improve the quality parameters of fermentation products, such as aroma, color, turbidity, acidity, or any other parameters related to improving sensory perception by the consumers. Food safety parameters are also included.
itaconic acid --- A. terreus --- pH control --- glucose --- kinetic analysis --- Gompertz-model --- biogenic amines --- ethyl carbamate --- ochratoxin A --- sulfur dioxide --- phthalates --- HACCP --- Yeasts --- alcoholic beverages --- resveratrol --- glutathione --- trehalose --- tryptophan --- melatonin --- serotonin --- tyrosol --- tryptophol --- hydroxytyrosol --- IAA --- probiotics --- Torulaspora delbrueckii --- Lachancea thermotolerans --- Metschnikowia pulcherrima --- Schizosaccharomyces pombe --- Pichia kluyveri --- non-Saccharomyces --- biocontrol application --- non-Saccharomyces screening --- SO2 reduction --- lactic acid bacteria --- yeasts --- chemical analyses --- volatile compounds --- sensory evaluation --- shiraz --- low-ethanol wines --- sequential culture --- Hanseniaspora uvarum yeast --- aromatic/sensorial profiles --- narince --- autochthonous --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- aroma --- white wine --- cashew apple juice --- non-conventional yeasts --- alcoholic beverages --- aroma profile --- Hanseniaspora guilliermondii --- Torulaspora microellipsoides --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- meta-taxonomic analysis --- vineyard soil --- wine-related bacteria --- wine-related fungi --- sequential inoculation --- Saccharomyces --- non-Saccharomyces --- Riesling --- aroma compound --- Torulaspora delbrueckii --- Pichia kluyveri --- Lachancea thermotolerans --- Tannat --- must replacement --- hot pre-fermentative maceration --- wine color --- wine composition --- climate change --- food quality --- viticulture --- wine --- fermentation --- yeast --- Saccharomyces --- non-Saccharomyces --- alcoholic fermentation --- lactic acid bacteria --- malolactic fermentation --- native yeast --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- aroma --- Malvar (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) --- white wine --- yeasts --- Bombino bianco --- technological characterization --- enzymatic patterns --- amino acid decarboxylation --- Lachancea thermotolerans --- non-Saccharomyces --- Saccharomyces --- acidity --- food safety --- HACCP --- wine quality --- color --- human health-promoting compounds --- biocontrol --- wine flavor --- low ethanol wine --- Vineyard Microbiota --- wine color --- wine aroma --- climate change
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