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From Pavlov's dog expecting food when hearing a bell to stereotypes as expectations about other people’s behaviour, from Bandura’s self-efficacy as expectation for success and failure of one’s own behaviour to the "predictive brain" concept in current perception theories: expectations have been a central construct in different areas of psychological research. In each of these areas, specific concepts, theoretical approaches, and empirical methods have been developed to explain when and why expectations persist and when they do not. Many theories assume that expectations are likely to change in the face of disconfirming evidence. However, sometimes expectations persist even though they are empirically violated, suggesting that they can be “sticky” under certain circumstances. But what are these circumstances? And what are the psychological mechanisms that can explain why and when expectations persist or change after being confronted with expectation-violating evidence?Each contribution of the current book offers insights into individuals’ reactions to violations of expectations. They show that many pieces of the puzzle have been collected in the many sub-displiclines of psychology and that putting them together in an integrative fashion stays a fascinating enterprise.

Expectancy --- prediction --- expectation --- beliefs --- stereotypes --- expectation violation --- prediction error --- accommodation --- persistence of expectations

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High-Tech Trash: Glitch, Noise, and Aesthetic Failure maps an archaeology of failure in a culture seemingly ill-equipped to deal with it. To better understand failure, Kane argues, we must abstract from our subjective, personal disappointments and see them as meaningful symbols of a broader human struggle. By connecting twenty-first century digital aesthetics to critical issues in the history of high-tech, the book elucidates what it means to be an error-prone, fallible human in an age of hyper technology; to fail again and again without recourse to anything but repetition.

glitch --- error --- failure --- noise --- trash --- aesthetics --- aesthetic of failure --- media art --- media theory

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Coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) have been conventionally used in industry for 3-dimensional and form-error measurements of macro parts for many years. Ever since the first CMM, developed by Ferranti Co. in the late 1950s, they have been regarded as versatile measuring equipment, yet many CMMs on the market still have inherent systematic errors due to the violation of the Abbe Principle in its design. Current CMMs are only suitable for part tolerance above 10 μm. With the rapid advent of ultraprecision technology, multi-axis machining, and micro/nanotechnology over the past twenty years, new types of ultraprecision and micro/nao-CMMs are urgently needed in all aspects of society.This Special Issue accepted papers revealing novel designs and applications of CMMs, including structures, probes, miniaturization, measuring paths, accuracy enhancement, error compensation, etc. Detailed design principles in sciences, and technological applications in high-tech industries, were required for submission.Topics covered, but were not limited to, the following areas:1.New types of CMMs, such as Abbe-free, multi-axis, cylindrical, parallel, etc.2.New types of probes, such as touch-trigger, scanning, hybrid, non-contact, microscopic, etc.3.New types of Micro/nano-CMMs.4.New types of measuring path strategy, such as collision avoidance, free-form surface, aspheric surface, etc.5.New types of error compensation strategy.

coordinate measuring machine --- structural design --- contact or noncontact probe --- micro/nano-CMM --- error compensation --- measuring path --- free-form measurement

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In recent years, wireless communications have significantly evolved due to the advanced technology of smartphones;, portable devices; and the rapid growth of Internet of Things, e-Health, and intelligent transportation systems . Moreover, there is anare increasing need fors of emerging intelligent services like positioning and sensing in athe future intelligence society. Recent years have witnessed the growing research interests and activities in the communication and intelligencet services in the optical wireless spectrum, as a complementary technology to more

visible light communication --- light to frequency converter --- white-light LED --- optical wireless communication --- visible light communication --- generalized color modulation --- color-space-based modulation --- color independence --- visual MIMO --- wearable device --- V2X --- feedforward control --- mobile optoelectronic tracking system --- error observer --- disturbance observer --- tracking performance --- anti-disturbance ability --- model reference --- indoor positioning system (IPS) --- visible light communication (VLC) --- multipath reflections --- k-nearest neighbors (kNN) --- random forest (RF) --- visible light communication --- non-orthogonal multiple access --- inverse power allocation scheme --- adaptive power allocation scheme --- fitting model --- VLP --- LED tilt --- Visible Light Positioning --- positioning --- localization algorithm --- multistate quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) --- visible light communication (VLC) --- software defined radio (SDR) --- sofware defined optics (SDO) --- LED tail-light --- LED indoor ceiling light --- vehicle-to-everything (V2X) --- nature conditions (thermal turbulence, rain, fog) --- bit-error ratio (BER) --- n/a

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Research on radiation-tolerant electronics has increased rapidly over the past few years, resulting in many interesting approaches to modeling radiation effects and designing radiation-hardened integrated circuits and embedded systems. This research is strongly driven by the growing need for radiation-hardened electronics for space applications, high-energy physics experiments such as those on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and many terrestrial nuclear applications including nuclear energy and nuclear safety. With the progressive scaling of integrated circuit technologies and the growing complexity of electronic systems, their susceptibility to ionizing radiation has raised many exciting challenges, which are expected to drive research in the coming decade. In this book we highlight recent breakthroughs in the study of radiation effects in advanced semiconductor devices, as well as in high-performance analog, mixed signal, RF, and digital integrated circuits. We also focus on advances in embedded radiation hardening in both FPGA and microcontroller systems and apply radiation-hardened embedded systems for cryptography and image processing, targeting space applications.

physical unclonable function --- FPGA --- total ionizing dose --- Co-60 gamma radiation --- ring-oscillator --- Image processing --- line buffer --- SRAM-based FPGA --- single event upset (SEU) --- configuration memory --- soft error --- radiation-hardened --- instrumentation amplifier --- sensor readout IC --- total ionizing dose --- nuclear fusion --- radiation hardening --- hardening by design --- TMR --- selective hardening --- VHDL --- FPGA --- radiation hardening --- single event upsets --- heavy ions --- error rates --- single-event upsets (SEUs) --- digital integrated circuits --- triple modular redundancy (TMR) --- radiation hardening by design --- TMR --- FMR --- 4MR --- triplex–duplex --- FPGA-based digital controller --- radiation tolerant --- single event effects --- proton irradiation --- RFIC --- SEE testing --- space application --- CMOS --- TDC --- radiation effects --- total ionizing dose (TID) --- single-shot --- PLL --- ring oscillator --- analog single-event transient (ASET) --- bandgap voltage reference (BGR) --- CMOS analog integrated circuits --- gamma-rays --- heavy-ions --- ionization --- protons --- radiation hardening by design (RHBD) --- reference circuits --- single-event effects (SEE) --- space electronics --- total ionization dose (TID) --- voltage reference --- X-rays --- radiation-hardened --- single event gate rupture (SEGR) --- SEB --- power MOSFETs --- Single-Event Upsets (SEUs) --- radiation effects --- Ring Oscillators --- Impulse Sensitive Function --- Radiation Hardening by Design --- fault tolerance --- single event upset --- proton irradiation effects --- neutron irradiation effects --- soft errors --- saturation effect --- gain degradation --- total ionizing dose --- gamma ray --- bipolar transistor --- single event transient (SET) --- single event opset (SEU) --- radiation-hardening-by-design (RHBD) --- frequency synthesizers --- voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) --- frequency divider by two --- CMOS --- n/a