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Sandstone is the most common kind of natural stone used for historic buildings in Central Europe. During the past century a dramatic increase in different types of damage to historic buildings, monuments and sculptures made from natural stone has been observed. The present work deals with theoretical aspects of strength loss, fracture processes and degradation during the decay processes.
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In the 'life' of technical objects and infrastructures repair and maintenance are central practices, both economically and culturally. This book foregrounds these activities, rarely examined until now, and looks into the forms of knowledge of different cultures of repair. In the process, the expertise and political ambitions of human actors receive as much consideration as the internal dynamics of the objects themselves. The articles focus on practices such as watch or computer repair, as well as on spaces such as the home, the hospital, the Repair Cafe, and the city of the 'Global South'. In addition, the book also investigates the extent to which repair and repair-friendly design can contribute to more sustainability.
Culture --- Media --- Sustainability --- Repair --- Product Durability --- Technology --- Economy --- Cultural Theory --- Sociology of Technology --- Consumption --- Civil Society --- Cultural Studies --- Kultur --- Medien --- Nachhaltigkeit --- Reparatur --- Produktlebensdauer --- Technik --- Wirtschaft --- Kulturtheorie --- Techniksoziologie --- Konsum --- Zivilgesellschaft --- Kulturwissenschaft
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Nanocelluloses: Synthesis, Modification and Applications is a book that provides some recent enhancements of various types of nanocellulose, mainly bacterial nanocellulose, cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils, and their nanocomposites. Bioactive bacterial nanocellulose finds applications in biomedical applications, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101352. Grafting and cross-linking bacterial nanocellulose modification emerges as a good choice for improving the potential of bacterial nanocellulose in such biomedical applications as topical wound dressings and tissue-engineering scaffolds, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9121668. On the other hand, bacterial nanocellulose can be used as paper additive for fluorescent paper, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091322, and for the reinforcement of paper made from recycled fibers, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9010058. Nanocellulose membranes are used for up-to-date carbon capture applications, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060877. Nanocellulose has been applied as a novel component of membranes designed to address a large spectrum of filtration problems, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060867. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) in random composite mats prepared using the electrospinning method are widely characterized in a large range of physical chemical aspects, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050805. Similarly, physical chemical aspects are emphasized for carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils produced by ammonium persulfate oxidation combined with ultrasonic and mechanical treatment, https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8090640. It is extraordinary how nanocellulose can find application in such different fields. Along the same lines, the contributions in this book come from numerous different countries, confirming the great interest of the scientific community for nanocellulose.
nanocellulose --- ammonium persulfate --- oxidation --- nanofibrils --- high shear mixer --- bacterial cellulose --- dispersion --- recycled fiber --- reinforcement --- tensile strength --- poly (vinyl alcohol) --- cellulose nanocrystals --- electrospinning --- polymer nanocomposites --- tensile properties --- scanning electron microscopy --- rheology --- thermogravimetric analysis --- nanocomposite --- ionic liquid --- selective separation --- water application --- CO2 separation --- facilitated transport --- nanocellulose --- amino acid --- gas separation membranes --- bacterial cellulose --- Eu ion --- complex --- cellulosic fiber --- fluorescent paper --- durability --- bacterial cellulose --- carbon source --- in situ modification --- ex situ modification --- biomedical applications --- bacterial nanocellulose --- methacrylate --- Fenton reagent --- cross-linking --- vancomycin --- ciprofloxacin --- bioactive bacterial nanocellulose
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Flexible Electronics platforms are increasingly used in the fields of sensors, displays, and energy conversion with the ultimate goal of facilitating their ubiquitous integration in our daily lives. Some of the key advantages associated with flexible electronic platforms are: bendability, lightweight, elastic, conformally shaped, nonbreakable, roll-to-roll manufacturable, and large-area. To realize their full potential, however, it is necessary to develop new methods for the fabrication of multifunctional flexible electronics at a reduced cost and with an increased resistance to mechanical fatigue. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase short communications, research papers, and review articles that focus on novel methodological development for the fabrication, and integration of flexible electronics in healthcare, environmental monitoring, displays and human-machine interactivity, robotics, communication and wireless networks, and energy conversion, management, and storage.
epidermal electronics --- wearable heater --- temperature sensor --- feedback control --- droplet circuits --- liquid metal --- quantum tunneling effect --- solution electronics --- electron transport --- ionic conduction --- quantum computing --- brain-like intelligence --- flexible organic electronics --- artificial synapses --- neuromorphic computing --- long-term plasticity --- flexible electronics --- nano-fabrication --- top-down approaches --- bottom-up approaches --- variable optical attenuator (VOA) --- surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) --- microwave photonics --- stretchability --- electronic measurements --- stretchable circuits --- design metrics --- reliability --- island-bridge --- conformal design --- non-developable surface --- stretchable electronics --- epidermal sensors --- stretchable electronics --- wireless power --- hydrophobic paper --- wearable stimulators --- paper electronics --- low-cost manufacture --- stretchable electronics --- tunnel encapsulation --- Polyvinyl Alcohol --- durability --- bio-integrated devices --- tissue adhesives --- tunable adhesion --- dry/wet conditions --- soft biological tissue --- n/a
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The book deals with novel aspects and perspectives in metal oxide and hybrid material fabrication.
Ag-ZnO --- thermoplastic elastomers --- polypropylene --- nanocomposites --- hierarchical --- antibacterial --- titanium dioxide --- zinc oxide --- binary oxide material --- sol-gel method --- organic dyes decomposition --- photocatalysis --- silica–lignin hybrid materials --- polylactide --- physicochemical and morphological properties --- mechanical properties --- biodegradation --- titanium dioxide --- zinc oxide --- zirconia --- molybdenum disulfide --- binary systems --- hybrid materials --- alumina --- CO2 capture --- porous hybrid adsorbents --- mesoporous organosilica --- self-propagating --- nuclear waste --- zirconolite --- actinide --- aqueous durability --- oxyanions --- sorption --- metal oxides --- environment pollution --- water purification --- adsorbents --- hazardous metals --- inorganic oxide materials --- surface functionalization --- enzyme immobilization --- laccase --- dyes decolorization --- Ti6Al4V titanium alloy --- ozone treatment --- surface layer --- surface free energy --- adhesive joint
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Superhydrophobic surfaces, with a water contact angle >150°, have attracted both academic and industrial interest due to their wide range of applications, such as water proofing, anti-fogging, antifouling, anti-icing, fluidic drag reduction and anti-corrosion. Currently the majority of superhydrophobic coatings are created using organic chemicals with low surface energy. However, the lack of mechanical strength and heat resistance prevents the use of these coatings in harsh environments. Quality superhydrophobic coatings developed using inorganic materials are therefore highly sought after. Ceramics are of particular interest due to their high mechanical strength, heat and corrosion resistance. Such superhydrophobic coatings have recently been successfully fabricated using a variety of ceramics and different approaches, and have shown the improved wear and tribocorrosion resistance properties. This Special Issue focuses on the recent developments in the fabrication of superhydrophobic coatings and their robustness against corrosion and wear resistance, but the original work on other properties of superhydrophobic coatings are also welcome. In particular, the topics of interest include, but are not limited to: Robust superhydrophobic coatings; Coatings with super-wettability in multifunctional applications; Wetting effects on corrosion and tribology; Hierarchical Coating for wetting and modelling.
superhydrophobic surface --- aluminum alloy --- corrosion resistance --- self-cleaning --- water-lubricated bearing --- surface topography --- dynamic characteristics --- empirical formula of friction coefficient --- lubrication performance --- superhydrophobic materials --- rough morphology --- parabolic morphology --- truncated cone morphology --- oil-water separation --- electroless composite coating --- Al2O3-coated particles --- MoS2 particles --- wear resistance --- surfactant --- Ni–Co --- WS2 --- hydrophobicity --- low friction --- nanocomposite --- electrochemical deposition --- Co–Ni coating --- super-hydrophobic surface --- mechanical durability --- corrosion protection --- water-repellent surfaces --- ferrofluid drop --- magnetic field --- damped harmonic oscillation --- carbon steel --- chemical etching --- superhydrophobic --- chemical stability --- corrosion resistance --- super-hydrophobic coating --- corrosion protection --- electrochemical surface engineering --- anodization --- micro-arc oxidation --- etching --- electrodeposition --- stability --- HVOF --- suspension --- TiO2 --- thermal spray --- friction and wear behaviour --- n/a
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Advances in materials are crucial to the development of sports equipment, from tennis rackets to skis to running shoes. Materials-driven improvements in equipment have helped athletes perform better, while enhancing safety and making sport more accessible and enjoyable. This book brings together a collection of 10 papers on the topic of sports materials, as published in a Special Issue of Applied Sciences. The papers within this book cover a range of sports, including golf, tennis, table tennis and baseball. State-of-the-art engineering techniques, such as finite element modelling, impact testing and full-field strain measurement, are applied to help further our understanding of sports equipment mechanics and the role of materials, with a view to improving performance, enhancing safety and facilitating informed regulatory decision making. The book also includes papers that describe emerging and novel materials, including auxetic materials with their negative Poisson’s ratio (fattening when stretched) and knits made of bamboo charcoal. This collection of papers should serve as a useful resource for sports engineers working in both academia and industry, as well as engineering students who are interested in sports equipment and materials.
quick-dry yarn --- bamboo charcoal yarn --- mechanical properties --- sportswear textiles --- functional composite yarns --- auxetic foam --- helmet --- concussion --- sport --- protection --- impact attenuation --- strain --- strain rate --- rubber --- tennis --- impact --- digital image correlation --- strain propagation --- torsion --- golf --- shaft --- clubhead --- robot --- cannon --- shockpad --- artificial turf --- rubber --- finite element analysis --- impact --- injury --- impact --- indentation --- comfort --- protective equipment --- negative Poisson’s ratio --- foam --- textiles --- additive manufacturing --- finite element modelling --- auxetic --- sports safety --- impact testing --- foam protective mats --- EFG method --- baseball --- bat --- Charpy --- finite element --- impact --- wood --- impact --- polymer --- rate dependence --- architecture --- friction --- finite elements --- baseball --- bat --- durability --- finite element --- impact --- slope of grain --- wood --- n/a
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This Special Issue presents the latest advances in the field of Textile-Reinforced Cement Composites, including Textile-Reinforced Concrete (TRC), Textile-Reinforced Mortar (TRM), Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM), etc. These composite materials distinguish themselves from other fibre-reinforced concrete materials by their strain-hardening behaviour under tensile loading. This Special Issue is composed of 14 papers covering new insights in structural and material engineering. The papers include investigations on the level of the fibre reinforcement system as well as on the level of the composites, investigating their impact and fatigue behaviour, durability and fire behaviour. Both the strengthening of existing structures and the development of new structural systems such as lightweight sandwich systems are presented, and analysis and design methods are discussed. This Special Issue demonstrates the broadness and intensity of the ongoing advancements in the field of Textile-Reinforced Cement composites and the importance of several future research directions.
textile reinforced concrete --- cathodic corrosion protection --- durability --- bending tests --- fire --- high temperature --- textile coating --- textile reinforced cementitious composites (TRC) --- finite element model --- real scale bending experiments --- shear --- structural insulating sandwich panel --- textile reinforced cementitious composites (TRC), sandwich elements --- fatigue --- uniaxial tensile tests --- four-point bending tests --- digital image correlation (DIC) --- textile reinforced concrete (TRC) --- strengthening --- bending --- model --- design --- practical application --- shear --- textile-reinforced concrete --- carbon concrete composite --- design provisions --- size effect --- shear span --- textile reinforced concrete --- TRC --- fabric reinforced cementitious mortar --- FRCM --- glass fabric --- high performance concrete --- retrofitting --- ACK model --- stochastic cracking model --- alkaline environment --- carbon-reinforced concrete --- creep --- durability --- moisture --- tensile strength --- textile reinforced concrete --- textile reinforced concrete --- carbon reinforced concrete --- TRC --- CRC --- bond --- fatigue --- carbon textile --- epoxy impregnation --- test setup --- textile reinforced mortar --- bond --- masonry --- normal weight/lightweight aggregates --- elevated temperatures --- fiber-reinforced concrete --- crack spacing --- fiber --- micro-fiber --- tensile strength --- toughness --- textile-reinforced concrete --- thin-walled shells --- cementitious composites --- layered finite elements --- mixture rules --- model calibration --- reactive powder concrete (RPC) --- textile reinforced concrete (TRC) --- foam concrete (FC) --- sandwich elements --- wind loading --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- strain-hardening cement-based composites --- textile reinforcement --- short-fiber reinforcement --- hybrid reinforcement --- tension --- impact loading --- single-yarn pullout --- cement composites --- fibre --- textile --- textile-reinforced concrete --- textile-reinforced mortar
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Photoactivity represents the ability of a material, generally speaking a semiconductor, to become active when interacting with light. It can be declined in many ways, and several functionalities arising from this behavior of materials can be exploited, all leading to positive repercussions on our environment. There are several classes of effects of photoactivity, all of which have been deeply investigated in the last few decades, allowing to develop more and more efficient materials and devices. All of them share a common point, that is, the interaction of a material with light, although many different materials are taken into account depending on the effect desired—from elemental semiconductors like silicon, to more complex compounds like CdTe or GaAs, to metal oxides like TiO2 and ZnO. Given the broadness of the field, a huge number of works fall within this topic, and new areas of discovery are constantly explored. The special issue “Novel Photoactive Materials” has been proposed as a means to present recent developments in the field, and for this reason the articles included touch different aspects of photoactivity, from photocatalysis to photovoltaics to light emitting materials.
organometal --- crystallinity --- surfactant --- confocal microscope --- nanostructured materials --- titanium dioxide --- anodizing --- photocatalysis --- toluene --- rhodamine B --- hydrothermal synthesis --- silver phosphate --- degradation --- low power white-light LED irradiation --- broadband spectra --- photocatalysis --- Fe/N-TiO2 --- sol-gel --- hydrothermal --- photocatalytic --- visible-light --- electron transport material --- titanium oxide --- charge dynamics --- metal-halides perovskites --- advanced oxidation processes --- bio-based substances --- hybrid nanomaterials --- magnetic materials --- photo Fenton --- caffeine --- perovskite solar cell --- DFT calculations --- mechanical property --- CH3 --- titanium(IV) oxo-clusters --- photoactivity --- band gap modification --- photoluminescence --- DFT calculations --- composite materials --- ZnO --- photo-oxidation --- 4-chlorophenol --- CuxO-ZnO catalyst --- photodeposition --- TiO2 nanoparticles --- alkylalkoxysilane --- stone protection --- water-repellency --- photocatalysis --- UV ageing --- artificial rain --- photo-oxidative degradation --- durability --- photocatalysis --- photovoltaics --- organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) --- TiO2 --- ZnO --- density functional theory (DFT)
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Catalyst lifetime represents one of the most crucial economic aspects in industrial catalytic processes, due to costly shutdowns, catalyst replacements, and proper disposal of spent materials. Not surprisingly, there is considerable motivation to understand and treat catalyst deactivation, poisoning, and regeneration, which causes this research topic to continue to grow. The complexity of catalyst poisoning obviously increases along with the increasing use of biomass/waste-derived/residual feedstocks and with requirements for cleaner and novel sustainable processes. This book collects 15 research papers providing insights into several scientific and technical aspects of catalyst poisoning and deactivation, proposing more tolerant catalyst formulations, and exploring possible regeneration strategies.
hydrogenation --- copper --- catalyst --- water --- deactivation --- octanal --- octanol --- V2O5–WO3/TiO2 catalysts --- poisoning --- sulfur-containing sodium salts --- SO3 --- NO removal --- Cu/SSZ-13 --- NH3-SCR --- sodium ions --- deactivation mechanism --- sulfur poisoning --- coke deposition --- in situ regeneration --- Co-Zn/H-Beta --- NOx reduction by C3H8 --- catalyst deactivation --- diesel --- natural gas --- SEM --- TEM --- poisoning --- oxygen storage capacity --- thermal stability --- cyclic operation --- deactivation --- oxysulfate --- oxysulfide --- Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) --- SO2 poisoning --- Low-temperature catalyst --- nitrogen oxides --- nitrous oxide --- dry reforming of methane --- nickel catalysts --- barium carbonate --- deactivation by coking --- catalytic methane combustion --- exhaust gas --- catalyst durability --- Liquefied natural gas --- biogas --- vehicle emission control --- sulfur deactivation --- catalyst deactivation --- aluminum sulfate --- palladium sulfate --- regeneration --- phthalic anhydride --- vanadia-titania catalyst --- unusual deactivation --- physico-chemical characterization --- over-reduction --- vanadia species --- coke deposition --- DeNOx --- MW incinerator --- deactivation --- ammonium sulfates --- regeneration --- washing --- CO2 reforming --- Ni-catalyst --- syngas --- tetragonal zirconia --- phase stabilization --- CPO reactor --- effect of flow rate --- deactivation --- iso-octane --- Rh catalysts --- Rh --- homogeneous catalysis --- catalyst deactivation --- n/a
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