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This book covers the analysis of Spanish written from the early 16th to the early 19th century, immediately before the Independent period in most Spanish-speaking colonies. It is based on manuscripts such as the Segunda Carta de Relacion (1522) by Hernán Cortès, a rare inquisitorial manuscript known as El Abecedario, old printed books, and published collections of linguistic documents.

Historical Sociolinguistics --- Diversification --- Variation --- Latin America

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Viruses are widely present in nature, and numerous viral species with a variety of unique characteristics have been identified so far. Even now, new emerging or re-emerging viruses are being found or re-found as novel viral classes or as quasi-species. Indeed, viruses are everywhere. Of note, viruses are pivotal as targets and tools of basic and applied sciences. On one hand, portions of the viruses are infectious for animals including humans, and cause various diseases in infected hosts by distinct mechanisms and at a different level of severity. While many of viruses are known to co-exist quietly with their hosts, pathogenic viruses certainly affect and threaten our society as well as individuals to provoke serious medical or economic attention. We should act against certain dreadful and highly infectious viruses as a global problem. Animal RNA viruses can readily mutate to adapt themselves in their hostile environments for their survival. Resultant viruses may sometimes show essentially altered phenotypes from the original parental strains. This fundamental and general property of animal RNA viruses represents major extensive issues of scientific, medical, and/or economic importance. In this Research Topic, we have focused on the high mutability of animal RNA viruses, and selected relevant articles on animal viruses of broad-ranges such as primate lentiviruses, influenza viruses, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, rabies virus, norovirus, picornaviruses, and picobirnavirus. Each article has taken up intriguing aspects of the subject viruses. We are sure that readers acquire important information on virus mutation, adaptation, diversification, and evolution, and hope that researchers in the field related to virology gain some solid hints from the reported articles for further virological and /or medical studies. Finally, we thank all the contributing researchers in this Research Topic, entitled “Highly Mutable Animal RNA Viruses: Adaptation and Evolution”, for their elegant and interesting works.

animal RNA viruses --- mutation --- adaptation --- diversification --- phylogenetic trees

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How can South Africa diversify its industrial sector so that it is less dependent on mineral exports, increases labour absorption and reduces unemployment? This book sheds more light on the structure of South Africa’s economy, its industrial sector and inter-sectoral linkages by simulating an economic geography model of the vertical linkages type, by testing linkage strength econometrically and by analysing industrial policy’s role in shaping its development path. It finds that linkages did play an important role in industrial development in South Africa, yet they have often been reinforced by policy interventions. Industrial policy is still geared to benefit the sectors close to the country’s mineral endowment, and thus contributes to South Africa‘s lopsided industrial development.

African --- Development --- Diversification? --- Economic --- Economicevel --- Industrialisation --- Industrielle Entwicklung --- Industriepolitik --- Linkages --- Neue Ökonomische Geographie --- Schwank --- South --- without

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Risk measures play a vital role in many subfields of economics and finance. It has been proposed that risk measures could be analysed in relation to the performance of variables extracted from empirical real-world data. For example, risk measures may help inform effective monetary and fiscal policies and, therefore, the further development of pricing models for financial assets such as equities, bonds, currencies, and derivative securities.A Special Issue of “Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics” will be devoted to advancements in the mathematical and statistical development of risk measures with applications in finance and economics. This Special Issue will bring together the theory, practice and real-world applications of risk measures. This book is a collection of papers published in the Special Issue of “Risk Measures with Applications in Finance and Economics” for Sustainability in 2018.

falsified products --- medication --- health risk --- low-income country --- regular vine copulas --- tree structures --- co-dependence modelling --- European stock markets --- carbon emissions --- fossil fuels --- crude oil --- coal --- low carbon targets --- green energy --- spot and futures prices --- Granger causality --- volatility spillovers --- quasi likelihood ratio (QLR) test --- diagonal BEKK --- full BEKK --- dynamic hedging --- socially responsible investment --- multivariate regime-switching --- time-varying correlations --- volatility transmission --- conscientiousness --- openness to experience --- perceived ease of use --- perceived usefulness --- online purchase intention --- dynamic conditional correlation --- generalized autoregressive score functions --- time-varying copula function --- CoVaR --- utility --- credit derivatives --- stochastic volatility --- asymptotic approximation --- risk aversion --- portfolio selection --- need hierarchy theory --- two-level optimization --- variance --- coherent risk measures --- probability of default --- bank risk --- banking regulation --- SYMBOL --- financial stability --- China’s food policy --- sustainable food security system --- japonica rice production --- two-level CES function --- technological progress --- Project Financing --- Mezzanine Financing --- option value --- Monte Carlo Simulations --- probabilistic cash flow --- optimizing financial model --- risks mitigation --- investment profitability --- financial hazard map --- random forests --- early warning system --- bank failure --- B-splines --- inflation forecast --- monthly CPI data --- out-of-sample forecast --- the sudden stop of capital inflow --- financial security --- the optimal scale of foreign exchange reserve --- utility maximization --- finance risk --- liquidity premium --- uncertainty termination --- investment horizon --- Amihud’s illiquidity ratio --- factor models --- diversification --- bank profitability --- bank risk --- dynamic panel --- European banking system --- sustainability of economic recovery --- Bayesian approach --- conjugate prior --- cartel --- leniency program --- policy simulation --- S&P 500 index options --- gain-loss ratio --- risk-neutral distribution --- binomial tree --- risk management --- market timing --- moving averages --- risk-free rate --- returns and volatility --- financial risk --- bankruptcy --- regression model --- sustainable development --- Slovak enterprises --- sentiment analysis --- polarity --- scientific verification --- emotion --- joy --- sadness --- climate change --- GMC --- VIX --- RV5MIN --- causal path --- ANN --- sovereign credit default swap (SCDS) --- emerging market --- markov regime switching --- credit risk --- risk assessment --- risk measures --- IPO underpricing --- financial crisis --- information asymmetry --- financial risks --- business groups --- financial performance --- group-affiliated --- institutional voids --- production frontier function --- stochastic frontier model --- specification testing --- wild bootstrap --- smoothing process --- empirical process --- simulations --- stakeholder theory --- sustainability --- risk --- social efficiency --- banking --- cooperative banks --- Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) --- corporate sustainability --- news release --- stakeholder theory --- stock return volatility --- EGARCH-m --- life insurance --- term life insurance --- whole life insurance --- self-perceived health --- objective health status --- future health risk --- SHARE --- national health system