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La filière du jeu vidéo a atteint une maturité dont témoignent une troisième génération de créateurs et l’apparition de nombreux studios de développement. La création joue un rôle essentiel dans cette filière pour permettre un renouvellement de la production de jeux qui tire parti de potentialités techniques en constant développement et de formes renouvelées de jouabilité. Or la création, par ses formes collectives d’organisation au sein des studios et du fait de ses coûts et de ses risques, peine à être reconnue au sein d’une industrie mondialisée où le poids des consoliers et des éditeurs est particulièrement important. Ce sont donc les formes de reconnaissance de cette création (statut, rémunération, organisation sociale, etc.) qui sont explorées dans la perspective de rendre pérenne sa vitalité et, partant, celle du secteur vidéo-ludique en France.

flexibility --- creation --- computer games --- diversification --- employment

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This book contributes to the understanding of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa through addressing the dynamics of intensification and diversification within and outside agriculture, in contexts where women have much poorer access to agrarian resources than men. It uses a longitudinal cross-country comparative approach, relying on the Afrint dataset—unique household-level longitudinal data for six African countries collected over the period 2002–2013/15. The book first descriptively summarizes findings from the third wave of the dataset. The book nuances the current dominance of structural transformation narratives of agricultural change by adding insights from gender and village-level studies of agrarian change. It argues that placing agrarian change within broader livelihood dynamics outside agriculture, highlighting country- and region-specific contexts is an important analytical adaptation to the empirical realities of rural Africa. From the policy perspective, this book provides suggestions for more inclusive rural development policies, outlining the weaknesses of present policies illustrated by the currently gendered inequalities in access to agrarian resources. The book also provides country-specific insights from Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia.

sub-saharan africa --- agriculture --- rural livelihoods --- diversification --- commercialization --- gender --- non-farm to farm linkages --- assets

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For a growing number of countries in Africa the discovery and exploitation of natural resources is a great opportunity, but one accompanied by considerable risks. In Africa, countries dependent on oil, gas, and mining have tended to have weaker long-run growth, higher rates of poverty, and greater income inequality than less resource-abundant economies. In resource-producing economies, relative prices make it more difficult to diversify into activities outside of the resource sector, limiting structural change. Economic structure matters for at least two reasons. First, countries whose exports are highly concentrated are vulnerable to declining prices and volatility. Second, economic diversification matters for long-term growth. This book presents research undertaken to understand how better management of the revenues and opportunities associated with natural resources can accelerate diversification and structural change in Africa. It begins with chapters on managing the boom, the construction sector, and linking industry to the resource—three major issues that frame the question of how to use natural resources for structural change. It then reports the main research results for five countries—Ghana, Mozambique, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zambia. Each country study covers the same three themes—managing the boom, the construction sector, and linking industry to the resource. One message that clearly emerges is that good policy can make a difference. A concluding chapter sets out some ideas for policy change in each of the areas that guided the research, and then goes on to propose some ideas for widening the options for structural change.

Africa --- natural resources --- oil --- gas --- mining --- resource-abundant economies --- economic diversification --- structural change --- long-term growth

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This book brings together eleven works by scholars within and beyond geography, to argue the case for a continued engagement with smallholder agricultural studies. The research detailed is largely empirical and draws on a wide spectrum of mixed qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The case studies cover a range of geographic locations, including Brazil, Burkina Faso, South Africa, Botswana, Malawi, Madagascar, Vietnam, and the USA, with greatest emphasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Key themes that emerge include the structural and relative nature of "smallholder" as a category, the dynamic reality of smallholder livelihoods, the importance of smallholder farming and land-use practices to questions of environmental sustainability, and the challenges of vulnerability and adaptation in contemporary human–environment systems. Overall these studies show that smallholder studies are more pertinent than ever, especially in the face of finite resources and global environmental change.

adaptation --- agriculture --- agroecology --- climate change --- diversification --- forests --- households --- land management practices --- land tenure --- livelihoods --- poverty --- production chains --- smallholders --- sustainability --- vulnerability and resilience

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Accurate energy forecasting is important to facilitate the decision-making process in order to achieve higher efficiency and reliability in power system operation and security, economic energy use, contingency scheduling, the planning and maintenance of energy supply systems, and so on. In recent decades, many energy forecasting models have been continuously proposed to improve forecasting accuracy, including traditional statistical models (e.g., ARIMA, SARIMA, ARMAX, multi-variate regression, exponential smoothing models, Kalman filtering, Bayesian estimation models, etc.) and artificial intelligence models (e.g., artificial neural networks (ANNs), knowledge-based expert systems, evolutionary computation models, support vector regression, etc.). Recently, due to the great development of optimization modeling methods (e.g., quadratic programming method, differential empirical mode method, evolutionary algorithms, meta-heuristic algorithms, etc.) and intelligent computing mechanisms (e.g., quantum computing, chaotic mapping, cloud mapping, seasonal mechanism, etc.), many novel hybrid models or models combined with the above-mentioned intelligent-optimization-based models have also been proposed to achieve satisfactory forecasting accuracy levels. It is important to explore the tendency and development of intelligent-optimization-based modeling methodologies and to enrich their practical performances, particularly for marine renewable energy forecasting.

short-term load forecasting --- weighted k-nearest neighbor (W-K-NN) algorithm --- comparative analysis --- empirical mode decomposition (EMD) --- particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm --- intrinsic mode function (IMF) --- support vector regression (SVR) --- short term load forecasting --- crude oil price forecasting --- time series forecasting --- hybrid model --- complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) --- sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) --- multi-step wind speed prediction --- Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition --- Long Short Term Memory --- General Regression Neural Network --- Brain Storm Optimization --- substation project cost forecasting model --- feature selection --- data inconsistency rate --- modified fruit fly optimization algorithm --- deep convolutional neural network --- multi-objective grey wolf optimizer --- long short-term memory --- fuzzy time series --- LEM2 --- combination forecasting --- wind speed --- electrical power load --- crude oil prices --- time series forecasting --- improved complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (ICEEMDAN) --- kernel learning --- kernel ridge regression --- differential evolution (DE) --- artificial intelligence techniques --- energy forecasting --- condition-based maintenance --- asset management --- renewable energy consumption --- Gaussian processes regression --- state transition algorithm --- five-year project --- forecasting --- Markov-switching --- Markov-switching GARCH --- energy futures --- commodities --- portfolio management --- active investment --- diversification --- institutional investors --- energy price hedging --- metamodel --- ensemble --- individual --- regression --- interpolation