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Reliable diagnosis is the cornerstone, starting point, and prerequisite of successful treatment. Therefore, development of innovative diagnostic technologies represents a hot topic in medical research. Liquid biopsy is a novel, minimally invasive laboratory evaluation concept for diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive testing, as well as dynamic monitoring of treatment or disease course. To achieve these goals, a multitude of specific, targeted tests can be performed to detect free nucleic acids, exosomes, microRNAs, tumor-educated platelets, and whole cells of tumor or fetal origin in different biological fluids, including blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and others. Although tissue biopsy has long been considered the gold standard of diagnostics, especially regarding malignant tumors, liquid biopsy has the advantages of a non-invasive approach and thus low risk of complications. It is technically feasible even in serious general status or if tumors or metastases are not easily accessible using conventional tissue biopsy. The testing is fast, exact, and can be repeated to ensure real-time follow-up. In contrast to classic tumor markers, liquid biopsy is distinguished by high specificity at genomic, proteomic, and cellular levels. It is expected to equal and exceed the diagnostic value of tissue biopsy. The field of liquid biopsies is developing rapidly regarding the selection of targets, technological improvements, and quality assessment. This book, written by a global team of recognized scientists, comprises state-of-the-art reviews on the current knowledge and advances in the technologies and software for liquid biopsy. Examples of practical application of liquid biopsy to evaluate thyroid cancer, multiple myeloma, etc. are discussed as well. The book is intended to serve as a reference for scientists and clinicians interested in the development and practical implementation of liquid biopsy.

Health Sciences --- Medicine --- Diagnostics

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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a unique tool to probe the biochemistry in vivo providing metabolic information non-invasively. Applications using MRS has been found over a broad spectrum in investigating the underlying structures of compounds as well as in determining disease states. In this book, topics of MRS both relevant to the clinic and also those that are beyond the clinical arena are covered. The book consists of two sections. The first section is entitled 'MRS inside the clinic' and is focused on clinical applications of MRS while the second section is entitled 'MRS beyond the clinic' and discusses applications of MRS in other academic fields. Our hope is that through this book, readers can understand the broad applications that NMR and MRS can offer and also that there are enough references to guide the readers for further study in this important topic.

Health Sciences --- Medicine --- Diagnostics --- Radiology Diagnosis

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This book is oriented toward clinical studies in the field of endoscopic ultrasound. Due to the advancement in technology, resolution and development of accessory tools, the applications of endoscopic ultrasound have been widely extended. This book covers from usual to special applications of endoscopic ultrasound in various specialties. I hope this book can serve as a tiny telescope that shows how the techniques of endoscopic ultrasound can be used in various parts of the body.

Health Sciences --- Medicine --- Diagnostics --- Radiology Diagnosis

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Photomedicine is one of the most inspiring and interdisciplinary fields in medicine that involves the research and application of photobiology with respect to health and disease. Photomedicine has contributed to the clinical practice of a variety of medical fields, including dermatology, surgery, radiology, diagnostics, cardiology, and anticancer therapy. Furthermore, expansion of its scope and contribution can be expected. This book covers a wide range of aspects and issues related to photomedicine, which brings together researchers from many countries. These include the basic science of photodynamic therapy, clinical applications in various kinds of medical fields, photochemotherapy, laser therapy for musculoskeletal pain, intense pulsed light therapy for photorejuvenation, biological function of low-level laser therapy, and photobiology for skin rejuvenation. Not only will this be beneficial for readers, but it will also contribute to scientists making further breakthroughs in photomedicine.

Health Sciences --- Medicine --- Diagnostics --- Radiology Diagnosis

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The advent and rapid diffusion of advanced multidetector-row scanner technology offers comprehensive evaluation of different anatomic structures in daily practice. The aim of this book is to introduce the applications of CT imaging in not only general medicine but also in different fields especially in veterinary medicine, dentistry, and engineering. Recent developments in CT technology have led to a widening of its applications on many areas like material testing in engineering, 3D evaluation of teeth, and the vascular and cardiac evaluations of small animals.

Health Sciences --- Medicine --- Diagnostics --- Radiology Diagnosis