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A major source of active compounds, natural products from different sources supply a large variety of molecules that have been approved for clinical use or used as the starting points of optimization programs. This book features nine papers (eight full articles and one review paper) written by more than 45 scientists from around the world. These papers illustrate the development and application of a broad range of computational and experimental techniques applied to natural product research. On behalf of the contributors to the book, our hope is that the research presented here contributes to advancements in the field, and encourages multidisciplinary teams, young scientists, and students to further advance in the discovery of pharmacologically-active natural compounds

docking --- epigenetics --- epi-informatics --- molecular interactions --- molecular dynamics --- natural products --- flavonoids --- marine diterpenoid --- proteasome inhibitors --- immunoproteasome --- molecular docking --- bioinsecticides --- structure–activity relationship --- phenylethanoid glycosides --- Calceolaria --- multitarget --- cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase --- cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) --- ginsenoside F1 --- ?-glucosyl ginsenoside F1 --- squalene --- alpine grassland --- Py-GC/MS --- soil microorganism --- Tibetan Plateau --- chemical space --- chemical data set --- chemoinformatics --- consensus diversity plot --- drug discovery --- molecular diversity --- visualization --- natural products --- natural product-likeness --- machine learning --- random forest --- classification --- similarity maps --- visualization --- molecular fingerprints --- web service --- curcumin --- nanoparticles --- inflammation --- protein aggregation --- brain diseases --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Parkinson’s disease --- flavonoids --- systematic review --- cholestasis --- n/a

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This book provides an overview of the design and physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles developed for biomedical applications such as targeting and detection of pathologies, nanovectorization of drugs, radiosensitization, metal detection, and nanocomposite implants. The considerations necessary when developing a new nanomedicine are also developed, including toxicological investigation, biodistribution, and efficacy. This book provides an accurate and current representation of the field by addressing the promises and hurdles of nanomedicine via 20 different pertinent studies. Covering a wide range of areas, this book is an excellent partner for physico-chemists, doctors, pharmacologists, and biochemists working on nanosciences dedicated to medicine, both in industry and in academia.

curcumin --- mitoxantrone --- synergism --- PEG --- chitosan nanoparticles --- hybrid Fe-Si nanoparticles --- laser pyrolysis --- Caco2 cells --- cytotoxicity --- oxidative stress --- upconversion nanoparticles --- nanocarriers --- drug delivery --- gene delivery --- photolysis --- cancer imaging --- cytoreduction surgery --- fluorescent nanoparticle --- near-infrared --- short-wave infrared --- Candida glabrata --- extracellular --- mycosynthesis --- MIC --- MBC --- MFC --- membrane integrity --- TEM --- FTIR --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) --- Ag-film --- Hg2+ ions detection --- SERS sensor --- nanocomposites --- medical devices --- middle ear prosthesis --- silver nanoparticles --- biocompatibility --- thermoplastic polymer --- dihydroartemisinin --- liposomes --- autophagy --- apoptosis --- breast cancer --- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) --- metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) --- dual functional imaging nanoprobe --- UiO-66 --- nanoparticles --- glioblastoma --- biocompatibility --- drug delivery --- alginate --- chitosan --- layer-by-layer --- magnetic nanoparticles --- drug delivery --- cancer --- curcumin --- lignin --- nanoparticle --- protein --- nanocellulose --- fibril --- enzyme --- heat --- self-assembly --- cross-link --- antibiotics --- nanoparticles --- biogenic nanoparticles --- antimicrobial --- antibiotic resistance --- multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganisms --- plasma --- nanomaterials --- nanomaterial synthesis --- plasma liquid Interactions --- non-thermal plasma --- biomedical applications --- core-shell nanoparticles --- biocompatible --- drug delivery --- anticancer --- SERS --- histamine --- nanostars --- nanophotonics --- computational electromagnetism --- surface enhanced Raman scattering --- SERS --- finite element method --- density functional theory calculations --- cell labeling --- cancer --- iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles --- trans-resveratrol derivative --- drug delivery --- glioma --- gold nanoparticles --- radiosensitization --- thioredoxin reductase --- radiation --- prognosis --- biochemical mechanism --- nanodiamond --- targeted nanoparticles --- in vivo application --- cancer cell targeting --- antimiR --- nano-bio interaction

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Nanomedicine represents one of the most investigated areas in the last two decades in the field of pharmaceutics. Several nanovectors have been developed and a growing number of products have been approved. It is well known that many biomaterials are able to self-organize under controlled conditions giving rise nanostructures. Polymers, lipids, inorganic materials, peptides and proteins, and surfactants are examples of such biomaterials and the self-assembling property can be exploited to design nanovectors that are useful for drug delivery. The self-organization of nanostructures is an attractive approach to preparing nanovectors, avoiding complex and high-energy-consuming preparation methods, and, in some cases, facilitating drug loading procedures. Moreover, preparations based on these biocompatible and pharmaceutical grade biomaterials allow an easy transfer from the lab to the industrial scale. This book reports ten different works, and a review, aiming to cover multiple strategies and pharmaceutical applications in the field of self-organizing nanovectors for drug delivery.

chitosan --- polyelectrolyte complexes --- doxorubicin --- zoledronic acid --- multidrug resistance --- polypeptides --- amphiphilic random copolymers --- nanoparticles --- C-peptide --- encapsulation --- diabetes --- in situ gelling systems --- photo-thermal therapy --- gold reduction --- localized heating effect --- irradiation cycles --- syringeable implant --- mixed polymeric micelles --- pH/redox-responsive --- drug delivery --- controlled release --- anticancer --- vapor nanobubbles --- laser treatment --- triggered release --- liposomes --- gold nanoparticles --- graphene quantum dots --- biofilms --- diffusion barrier --- Oral antimicrobials --- caries prevention --- natural extracts --- nanovesicles --- eukaryotic vaults --- nanoparticle --- drug delivery systems --- nanocage --- protein self-assembly --- hydrogel --- drug delivery system --- self-assembly --- bolaform amphiphilic lipids --- bolalipids --- aerogel --- chorioallantoic membrane model --- antimicrobial photodynamic therapy --- nano-assemblies --- trehalose --- squalene --- betulinic acid --- autophagy induction --- siRNA delivery --- nanoparticles --- pulmonary surfactant --- drug delivery --- astaxanthin --- resveratrol --- curcumin --- hyaluronan --- nanohydrogels --- oxidative stress --- intracellular therapy

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Polyamines are ubiquitous polycations essential for all cellular life. The most common polyamines in eukaryotes, spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, exist in millimolar intracellular concentrations that are tightly regulated through biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport. Polyamines interact with, and regulate, negatively charged macromolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, and ion channels. Accordingly, alterations in polyamine metabolism affect cellular proliferation and survival through changes in gene expression and transcription, translation, autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of these multifaceted polyamine functions contribute to multiple disease processes, thus their metabolism and function have been targeted for preventive or therapeutic intervention. The correlation between elevated polyamine levels and cancer is well established, and ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme in the production of putrescine, is a bona fide transcriptional target of the Myc oncogene. Furthermore, induced polyamine catabolism contributes to carcinogenesis that is associated with certain forms of chronic infection and/or inflammation through the production of reactive oxygen species. These and other characteristics specific to cancer cells have led to the development of polyamine-based agents and inhibitors aimed at exploiting the polyamine metabolic pathway for chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive benefit. In addition to cancer, polyamines are involved in the pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, parasitic and infectious diseases, wound healing, ischemia/reperfusion injuries, and certain age-related conditions, as polyamines are known to decrease with age. As in cancer, polyamine-based therapies for these conditions are an area of active investigation. With recent advances in immunotherapy, interest has increased regarding polyamine-associated modulation of immune responses, as well as potential immunoregulation of polyamine metabolism, the results of which could have relevance to multiple disease processes. The goal of this Special Issue of Medical Sciences is to present the most recent advances in polyamine research as it relates to health, disease, and/or therapy.

polyamine transport inhibitor --- Drosophila imaginal discs --- difluoromethylorthinine --- DFMO --- polyamine --- cancer --- metabolism --- difluoromethylornithine --- polyamine transport inhibitor --- pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma --- curcumin --- diferuloylmethane --- ornithine decarboxylase --- polyamine --- NF-?B --- chemoprevention --- carcinogenesis --- polyphenol --- ornithine decarboxylase --- polyamines --- untranslated region --- polyamines --- ?-difluoromethylornithine --- polyamine transport system --- melanoma --- mutant BRAF --- spermine --- spermidine --- putrescine --- polyamine metabolism --- mast cells --- eosinophils --- neutrophils --- M2 macrophages --- airway smooth muscle cells --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- polyamines --- pneumococcal pneumonia --- proteomics --- capsule --- complementation --- metabolism --- cadaverine --- polyamines --- ornithine decarboxylase --- difluoromethylornithine --- eflornithine --- DFMO --- African sleeping sickness --- hirsutism --- colorectal cancer --- neuroblastoma --- aging --- atrophy --- autophagy --- oxidative stress --- polyamines --- skeletal muscle --- spermidine --- spermine oxidase --- transgenic mouse --- immunity --- T-lymphocytes --- B-lymphocytes --- tumor immunity --- metabolism --- epigenetics --- autoimmunity --- polyamines --- ornithine decarboxylase --- polyamine analogs --- spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase --- spermine oxidase --- bis(ethyl)polyamine analogs --- breast cancer --- MCF-7 cells --- transgenic mice --- polyamines --- MYC --- protein synthesis in cancer --- neuroblastoma --- protein expression --- antizyme 1 --- ornithine decarboxylase --- CRISPR --- human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) --- cell differentiation --- DFMO --- ornithine decarboxylase --- osteosarcoma --- polyamines --- polyamines --- polyamine metabolism --- antizyme --- antizyme inhibitors --- ornithine decarboxylase --- Snyder-Robinson Syndrome --- spermine synthase --- X-linked intellectual disability --- polyamine transport --- spermidine --- spermine --- transglutaminase

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Plants have served mankind as an important source of foods and medicines. While we all consume plants and their products for nutritional support, a majority of the world population also rely on botanical remedies to meet their health needs, either as their own “traditional medicine” or as “complementary and alternative medicine”. From a pharmaceutical point of view, many compounds obtained from plant sources have long been known to possess bio/pharmacological activities, and historically, plants have yielded many important drugs for human use, from morphine discovered in the early nineteenth century to the more recent paclitaxel and artemisinin. Today, we are witnessing a global resurgence in interest and use of plant-based therapies and botanical products, and natural products remain an important and viable source of lead compounds in many drug discovery programs.This Special Issue on “Plant Natural Products for Human Health” compiles a series of scientific reports to demonstrate the medicinal potentials of plant natural products. It covers a range of disease targets, such as diabetes, inflammation, cancer, neurological disease, cardiovascular disease, liver damage, bacterial, and fungus infection and malarial. These papers provide important insights into the current state of research on drug discovery and new techniques. It is hoped that this Special Issue will serve as a timely reference for researchers and scholars who are interested in the discovery of potentially useful molecules from plant sources for health-related applications.

heat-process --- onion --- calorie restriction --- Amadori rearrangement compounds --- hyperglycemia --- A549 cells --- hinokitiol --- MMPs --- p53/Bax --- antioxidant enzymes --- caspases --- migration --- cannabinoid type 1 receptor --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- gluconeogenesis --- gomisin N --- lipogenesis --- insulin resistance --- garlic --- ischemia --- heme oxygenase --- reperfusion --- heart --- Keap1 --- Nrf2 --- Neuroprotective --- PC12 cells --- PhGs --- anti-malaria activity --- plants --- natural products --- ethnopharmacology --- Plasmodium parasites --- copaiba --- oleoresin --- essential oil --- sesquiterpenoids --- diterpenoids --- biological activity --- molecular targets --- Astragali Radix --- astragaloside IV --- genistein --- mitochondrial bioenergetics --- oxygen consumption rate --- natural products --- drug design and development --- innovation --- automation --- computational softwares --- bioinformatics --- precision medicine --- omics --- global health --- sweet orange --- bitter orange --- neroli --- orange petitgrain --- mandarin --- lemon --- lime --- grapefruit --- bergamot --- yuzu --- kumquat --- cannabigerol --- Cannabis sativa --- neuroinflammation --- oxidative stress --- phytocannabinoid --- iridoids --- nuclear factor-kappaB --- mitogen-activated protein kinase --- anti-inflammation --- Ziziphus jujuba --- triterpenic acids --- pharmacokinetic study --- acute liver injury --- A? --- AD --- lychee seed --- neuroinflammation --- catechin --- procyanidin A2 --- apoptosis --- cinnamamides --- antistaphylococcal activity --- time-kill assay --- biofilm --- antitubercular activity --- MTT assay --- antifungal activity --- PET inhibition --- toxicity --- structure–activity relationship --- bleeding time --- flavonoid --- morin hydrate --- OH· free radical --- platelet activation --- protein kinase --- thromboembolism --- Glycyrrhiza uralensis --- prenylated flavonoids --- antiproliferation --- differentiation --- melanoma cell --- adjuvant-induced arthritis --- arthritis --- celastrol --- curcumin --- dietary supplements --- EGCG --- green tea --- inflammation --- liposomes --- microbiome --- nanoparticles --- natural products --- resveratrol --- rheumatoid arthritis --- targeted delivery --- traditional medicine --- Tripterygium wilfordii --- triptolide --- Penthorum chinense Pursh --- NAFLD --- hepatic steatosis --- flavonoids --- SIRT1 --- AMPK --- dihydromyricetin --- myocardial hypertrophy --- oxidative stress --- sirtuin 3 --- ginseng --- human-hair-follicle dermal papilla cells --- WNT/?-catenin --- Shh/Gli --- TGF-? --- BMP/Smad --- mouse-hair growth --- Panax notoginseng saponins --- aspirin --- HepaRG cells --- herb–drug interactions --- P. eryngii --- glucans --- inflammation --- inflammatory bowel disease --- medicinal plants --- phytochemicals --- scoulerine --- bergapten --- immunomodulator --- adjuvant --- cytoxicity --- dendritic cells --- immune modulation --- APAP --- acetaminophen --- hepatotoxicity --- hpatoprotection --- paracetamol --- animals --- preclinical studies --- natural products --- small molecules --- phytochemicals --- plants --- fucoidan --- acetaminophen --- Nrf2 --- oxidative stress --- hepatotoxicity --- plant natural product --- drug discovery --- human health