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The history of science can teach modern men that our understanding of life is to a great extent based on the accuracy of the analytical methods that we use and, on our readiness to oppose dogmatic opinions, which are based on outdated methods and black/white approaches to the major questions raised by mankind in the past. The recent decades have brought a lot of new insights into the fundamentals of the active principles of reactive oxygen species that are necessary for living cells, but which also cause dangerous pathophysiological processes. Accordingly, although they were previously considered to be the most undesired toxic compounds generated as the final products of the oxidative degradation of lipids, reactive aldehydes are now considered to play important roles both in health and in major diseases. Represented mostly by 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a substance discovered only fifty years ago, reactive aldehydes are the focus of research not only because of their toxicity but also because of their positive effects regulating the most important metabolic processes such as growth of living cells or the death of cells. Better understanding the interactions between reactive aldehydes and natural or synthetic antioxidant substances might eventually help us to better monitor, prevent and control modern diseases, thus building pillars for the development of the modern, multidisciplinary life sciences and integrative medicine of the 21st century.

oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species ROS --- free radicals --- lipids --- lipid peroxidation --- reactive aldehydes --- 4-hydroxynonenal --- cannabinoids --- antioxidants --- 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives --- plant extract --- cell cultures --- human diseases --- pathophysiology --- aging --- cancer --- fertility --- growth control --- immunochemistry --- mass spectrometry --- cell-based ELISA --- omics

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This book contains selected contributions on surface modification to improve the properties of solid materials. The surface properties are tailored either by functionalization, etching, or deposition of a thin coating. Functionalization is achieved by a brief treatment with non-equilibrium gaseous plasma containing suitable radicals that interact chemically with the material surface and thus enable the formation of rather stable functional groups. Etching is performed in order to modify the surface morphology. The etching parameters are selected in such a way that a rich morphology of the surfaces is achieved spontaneously on the sub-micrometer scale, without using masks. The combination of adequate surface morphology and functionalization of materials leads to superior surface properties which are particularly beneficial for the desired response upon incubation with biological matter. Alternatively, the materials are coated with a suitable thin film that is useful in various applications from food to aerospace industries.

sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) plasma --- tetrafluoromethane (CF4) plasma --- polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) --- surface modification --- functionalization and wettability --- optical emission spectroscopy (OES) --- electronegativity --- PVD nanocomposite coatings --- aluminum die casting --- tool life --- tribological performance --- plasma surface modification --- polymer polypropylene --- neutral oxygen atom density --- initial surface functionalization --- food packaging --- wettability --- tantalum --- hardness --- gradient nanostructured layer --- grain size --- residual stress --- dry wear behavior --- surface texture --- surface treatment --- Ti6Al4V alloy --- tribology --- biology --- materials characterization --- shot-peening --- image processing --- TIG welding --- aluminum 6061-T6 --- special surfaces --- wettability --- superhydrophobic --- cell cultures --- anti-bio adhesion --- self-cleaning fabrics --- polyethylene granules --- low-pressure MW air plasma --- optical emission spectroscopy --- XPS --- laser cobalt catalytic probe --- Alloy 718 --- surface hardness --- surface residual stress --- grain size --- fretting failure --- corrosion --- antimicrobial film --- nisin --- physical properties --- plasma treatment polyvinyl alcohol --- surface characterization --- microhole-textured tool --- CaF2 --- micro-EDM --- tribological properties --- egg shell --- stearic acid --- modification --- particle characterization --- epoxy composites --- dynamic mechanical analysis --- adhesion effectiveness --- Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) --- Teflon --- plasma treatment --- zeta potential --- surface energy --- contact angle measurement --- lectin --- bovine serum albumin --- adsorption --- cellulose thin film --- polystyrene --- gold --- surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy --- silver nanoparticles --- laser ablation in liquids --- laser synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles solution --- nanoparticle-impregnated paper --- antimicrobial activity --- fiber fines --- sheet forming --- vacuum filtration --- pulse power --- electrical stimulation --- electric field --- mushroom --- L. edodes --- Lyophyllum deeastes Sing --- surface modification --- porous silicon --- silicon surface --- carbonization --- oxidation --- aluminum --- alloy --- duralumin --- etching --- surface texture --- porous-like --- adhesive bonding --- superhydrophobic --- porous silicon --- visible light assisted organosilanization --- solid state NMR --- XPS --- ToF-SIMS --- atmospheric pressure plasma jets --- plasma polymerization --- superhydrophobicity --- wetting --- biomaterial --- polymer --- plasma --- functionalization --- surface properties --- thrombosis --- hemocompatibility --- endothealization --- vascular graft --- biocompatibility --- endothelial cells --- surface properties --- nanostructuring --- functionalization --- grafting