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This book addresses a key innovative technology for decarbonization of the energy system: hydrothermal processing. It basically consists of treating biomass and wastes in a wet form, under pressure and temperature condition. This approach is becoming more and more attractive, as new feedstock and applications are appearing on the scene of bioeconomy and bioenergy. The hydrothermal processing of various type of biomass, waste, and residues, thus, raised the interest of many researchers and companies around the world, together with downstream upgrading processes and technologies: solid products as biochar, for instance, or liquid ones as crude bioliquids, are finding new market opportunities in circular economy schemes. The Special Issue collects recent innovative research works in the field, from basic to applied research, as well as pilot industrial applications/demo. It is a valuable set of references for those investing time and effort in research in the field.
hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) --- brewer’s spent grains (BSG) --- hydrochar --- acid addition --- two-steps carbonization --- hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) --- Spirulina --- hydroprocessing --- hydrotreating --- upgrading --- hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) --- hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) --- fractional distillation --- drop-in biofuels --- nitrogen distribution --- hydrothermal processes --- Germany --- fuzzy Delphi method --- fuzzy logic cognitive map --- coal --- biomass --- hydrochar --- process economics --- sensitivity analysis --- cost of electricity --- lignin --- biorefinery --- hydrothermal liquefaction --- biocrude --- depolymerization --- hydrothermal liquefaction --- aqueous co-product --- nutrient recovery --- struvite --- EROI --- hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- sewage sludge --- electricity and heat production --- agricultural yield --- primary sludge --- secondary sludge --- deinked sludge --- fiber rejects --- hydrochar --- combustion indices --- fuel properties --- microalgal oils --- microalgae extraction --- lipids --- biofuel --- cell wall disruption --- hydrothermal disintegration --- freeze-dried --- fresh harvested --- Scenedesmus rubescens
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Biomass can be converted to energy, biofuels, and bioproducts via thermochemical conversion processes, such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. Combustion technology is most widely applied on an industrial scale. However, biomass gasification and pyrolysis processes are still in the research and development stage. The major products from these processes are syngas, bio-oil, and char (called also biochar for agronomic application). Among these products, biomass chars have received increasing attention for different applications, such as gasification, co-combustion, catalysts or adsorbents precursors, soil amendment, carbon fuel cells, and supercapacitors. This Special Issue provides an overview of biomass char production methods (pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, etc.), characterization techniques (e.g., scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, nitrogen adsorption, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption and mass spectrometry), their properties, and their suitable recovery processes.
biomass production --- multicriteria model --- ELECTRE III --- combustion --- oxygen enrichment --- low-rank coal char --- char oxidation --- reaction kinetics --- salty food waste --- FT-IR --- pyrolysis --- biochar --- NaCl --- hydrothermal carbonization --- anaerobic digestion --- poultry slaughterhouse --- sludge cake --- energy recovery efficiency --- gasification --- kinetic model --- active site --- chemisorption --- hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) --- Chinese reed --- biocrude --- biochar --- high heating value (HHV) --- biochar --- steam --- gasification --- chemical speciation --- AAEMs --- underground coal gasification --- ash layer --- effective diffusion coefficient --- internal diffusion resistance --- pyrolysis --- hydrothermal carbonization --- biochar engineering --- porosity --- nutrients --- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) --- nitrogen --- biomass --- amino acid --- pyrrole --- NOx --- pyrolysis --- grape marc --- kinetic models --- characterization --- pyrolysis --- Texaco pilot plant --- reactor modelling --- ash fusion temperature (AFT) --- melting phenomenon --- food waste compost --- sawdust --- pyrolysis --- biochar --- thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) --- calorific value --- biogas purification --- coconut shells --- biomass valorization --- textural characterization --- adsorption isotherms --- breakthrough curves --- olive mill solid wastes (OMSWs) --- fixed bed combustor --- pellets --- combustion parameters --- gaseous emissions --- waste wood --- interactions --- interferences --- partial combustion reaction in gasification --- Boudouard reaction in gasification --- MTDATA --- biomass --- steam gasification --- kinetics --- pyrolysis conditions --- thermogravimetric analysis --- characteristic time analysis --- biomass --- combustion --- thermogravimetric analysis --- kinetic parameters --- thermal characteristics --- food waste --- food-waste biochar --- pyrolysis --- NaCl template --- desalination --- biochar --- ash from biomass --- giant miscanthus --- fertilisation --- CO2 adsorption --- CH4 adsorption --- biomass --- activated carbon --- n/a
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The use of solid catalysts for the upgrade of renewable sources gives the opportunity to combine the two main cores of green chemistry, that is, on the one hand, the set-up of sustainable processes and, on the other, the use of biomass-derived materials. Solid catalysts have taken on a leading role in traditional petrochemical processes and could represent a key tool in new biorefinery-driven technologies.
heterogeneous catalysis --- transfer hydrogenation --- biomass conversion --- biofuels --- catalytic materials --- hydrogenolysis --- ethylene glycol --- propylene glycol --- xylitol --- solid base catalyst --- aqueous phase --- alditol --- heterogeneous catalysis --- biorefinery --- solid-acid catalyst --- biochar-supported metal catalysts --- surface functional groups --- hydrothermal carbonization --- surface functionalization --- biofuel production --- terpenes --- terpenoids --- biomass --- heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts --- amination --- transition metals --- supported metals --- biomass valorization --- value-added products --- heterogeneous catalysis --- hybrid materials --- metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) --- solid acids --- acidic clays --- terpenes --- citronellal --- octahydroacridines --- heterogeneous catalysis --- hydrogenolysis --- transesterification --- CuZn catalysts --- calcination atmosphere --- calcination temperature --- carbon nanotubes --- carbohydrates --- HMF --- Lewis acids --- NMR --- lignin --- catalytic transfer hydrogenation --- hydrogenolysis --- liquid phase reductive depolymerization --- hydrogen donors --- phenolic and aromatic compounds
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This book contains selected contributions on surface modification to improve the properties of solid materials. The surface properties are tailored either by functionalization, etching, or deposition of a thin coating. Functionalization is achieved by a brief treatment with non-equilibrium gaseous plasma containing suitable radicals that interact chemically with the material surface and thus enable the formation of rather stable functional groups. Etching is performed in order to modify the surface morphology. The etching parameters are selected in such a way that a rich morphology of the surfaces is achieved spontaneously on the sub-micrometer scale, without using masks. The combination of adequate surface morphology and functionalization of materials leads to superior surface properties which are particularly beneficial for the desired response upon incubation with biological matter. Alternatively, the materials are coated with a suitable thin film that is useful in various applications from food to aerospace industries.
sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) plasma --- tetrafluoromethane (CF4) plasma --- polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) --- surface modification --- functionalization and wettability --- optical emission spectroscopy (OES) --- electronegativity --- PVD nanocomposite coatings --- aluminum die casting --- tool life --- tribological performance --- plasma surface modification --- polymer polypropylene --- neutral oxygen atom density --- initial surface functionalization --- food packaging --- wettability --- tantalum --- hardness --- gradient nanostructured layer --- grain size --- residual stress --- dry wear behavior --- surface texture --- surface treatment --- Ti6Al4V alloy --- tribology --- biology --- materials characterization --- shot-peening --- image processing --- TIG welding --- aluminum 6061-T6 --- special surfaces --- wettability --- superhydrophobic --- cell cultures --- anti-bio adhesion --- self-cleaning fabrics --- polyethylene granules --- low-pressure MW air plasma --- optical emission spectroscopy --- XPS --- laser cobalt catalytic probe --- Alloy 718 --- surface hardness --- surface residual stress --- grain size --- fretting failure --- corrosion --- antimicrobial film --- nisin --- physical properties --- plasma treatment polyvinyl alcohol --- surface characterization --- microhole-textured tool --- CaF2 --- micro-EDM --- tribological properties --- egg shell --- stearic acid --- modification --- particle characterization --- epoxy composites --- dynamic mechanical analysis --- adhesion effectiveness --- Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) --- Teflon --- plasma treatment --- zeta potential --- surface energy --- contact angle measurement --- lectin --- bovine serum albumin --- adsorption --- cellulose thin film --- polystyrene --- gold --- surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy --- silver nanoparticles --- laser ablation in liquids --- laser synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles solution --- nanoparticle-impregnated paper --- antimicrobial activity --- fiber fines --- sheet forming --- vacuum filtration --- pulse power --- electrical stimulation --- electric field --- mushroom --- L. edodes --- Lyophyllum deeastes Sing --- surface modification --- porous silicon --- silicon surface --- carbonization --- oxidation --- aluminum --- alloy --- duralumin --- etching --- surface texture --- porous-like --- adhesive bonding --- superhydrophobic --- porous silicon --- visible light assisted organosilanization --- solid state NMR --- XPS --- ToF-SIMS --- atmospheric pressure plasma jets --- plasma polymerization --- superhydrophobicity --- wetting --- biomaterial --- polymer --- plasma --- functionalization --- surface properties --- thrombosis --- hemocompatibility --- endothealization --- vascular graft --- biocompatibility --- endothelial cells --- surface properties --- nanostructuring --- functionalization --- grafting
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