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Social perspective defines the human skill of changing between the point of view of oneself and the other. It takes meta-perspectives and applies them to the different (suspected) point of views. If one knows how the interaction-partner sees the world, one can assume the partner´s willingness to act and consider it for one´s own plan of action.
psychology --- prejudice --- behaviour
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From Bricks to Brains introduces embodied cognitive science, and illustrates its foundational ideas through the construction and observation of LEGO Mindstorms robots. Discussing the characteristics that distinguish embodied cognitive science from classical cognitive science, From Bricks to Brains places a renewed emphasis on sensing and acting, the importance of embodiment, the exploration of distributed notions of control, and the development of theories by synthesizing simple systems and exploring their behaviour. Numerous examples are used to illustrate a key theme: the importance of an agent’s environment. Even simple agents, such as LEGO robots, are capable of exhibiting complex behaviour when they can sense and affect the world around them.
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Prosocial behaviors such as sharing, helping, and comforting begin to emerge early in development. The presence of these prosocial behaviors is important not only in childhood, but throughout one’s lifetime, as behaving prosocially is important for social functioning and maintaining social relationships. For many years researchers have been interested in how and when these behaviors develop, as well as how these behaviors are influenced by a variety of factors. Recently however, exciting new research has shown novel and surprising findings, particularly on the early development and ontogenetic origins of prosocial behavior. Research is this area is important, as by understanding what influences prosocial behavior, we may be better able to sustain and support the development of prosociality. Further, a richer understanding may help us to be better able to mediate factors that impede or negatively influence positive social behaviors, as well as negate triggers that may lead to negative social behaviors. Many theoretical views guide different streams of developmental research in this field. Here, we will bring together scholars from various theoretical backgrounds, to collectively explore the development of early prosocial behaviors from early infancy to early school aged children. Contributors will offer insights using a variety of methodologies, from various resource allocation paradigms derived from economist game theorists, to looking time paradigms and more. Together we seek to broadly explore questions pertaining to prosocial development, for example- at what age do prosocial behaviors, moral understanding, or social selectivity emerge? Contributors will individually address unique research questions across a spectrum of topics. For example, how prosocial behaviors are influenced by underlying mechanisms, such as moral emotions (e.g. guilt and sympathy), will be explored, as will how children’s expectations may shape their behaviors, and how they come to care about others. Questions surrounding different contexts will also be investigated. For example, how does empathy influence prosociality? Do children treat partners differently depending on their past behaviors, wealth, or other characteristics? Does whether there is a cost associated with behaving prosocially influence decision-making? By incorporating the work of numerous researchers in the field of prosocial development, who contribute comprehensive reviews of past research, unique theoretical perspectives and empirical approaches, the proposed research topic endeavors to provide new insights into a breadth of prosocial behaviors. In sum, the proposed research topic will contribute to our understanding of prosocial development in the early years by highlighting the relevant factors and contexts under which prosocial behavior emerges.
prosocial behaviour --- development --- sharing --- Helping --- Infancy --- childhood
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Sustainability may be achieved through many different agents and institutions in society, including governments, new technologies, industries, and markets. In addition to these agents, consumers and households play a crucial role in the adoption of sustainable products and technologies. Additionally, households are responsible for substantial proportions of energy use and waste. In the European Union, the end use of total energy by households was about 25% in 2014 (Eurostat, 2016). Additionally, households generated 8% of total waste in the EU in 2012 (Eurostat, 2015). Moreover, ethical aspects of consumption are becoming more and more important. In order to gain understanding of sustainable consumer and household behavior, Sustainability has devoted an entire Special Issue to this topic. The Special Issue includes studies focusing on macro- and meso-issues, such as political parties’ positions, nationality, social dilemmas and collective consumer efforts. Others studies focus on micro-issues of consumer behaviour, such as consumer segmentation, consumer perceptions, opinions, and intentions. The studies employ a variety of methods, including surveys, experiments, eye tracking, and contingent valuation. The collection of studies provide a balanced overview of consumer research in the field of sustainability.
Book title: The Routledge handbook of neuroethics
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In recent years, philosophers, neuroethicists, and others have become preoccupied with “moral enhancement.” Very roughly, this refers to the deliberate moral improvement of an individual’s character, motives, or behavior. In one sense, such enhancement could be seen as “nothing new at all” (Wiseman, 2016, 4) or as something philosophically mundane: as G. Owen Schaefer (2015) has stated, “Moral enhancement is an ostensibly laudable project. . . .
motives --- moral improvement --- behaviour --- character --- individuals
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This book is open access under a CC-BY license.
Moral dilemmas are a pervasive feature of working life. Moral Reasoning at Work offers a fresh perspective on how to live with them. How do we cope with situations where no matter what we decide to do, something will be wrong? How do we live with the moral dissonance between what we are tempted to do and what is in line with our moral convictions? What can organizations do to establish a foundation for responsible decision-making and conduct? This book combines research streams from ethics and moral psychology using extensive experience of sessions of moral reasoning with leaders and employees in organizations. It argues that there is a need to go beyond compliance and traditional approaches to ethics in order to prepare decision-makers for moral dilemmas. Organizations can do that by encouraging people to become actively and regularly involved in moral reasoning at work.
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This Special Issue of Nutrients, entitled “Reducing Dietary Sodium and Improving Human Health”, welcomes the submission of manuscripts either describing original research or reviewing scientific literature related to salt reduction. Manuscripts should focus on population interventions for reducing dietary sodium and we are particularly interested in innovative approaches to changing the food environment and/or consumer behaviour. Manuscripts that discuss theoretical models informing the design of interventions for reducing dietary sodium are also welcome, as are studies from low or lower middle income countries.Potential topics may include, but are not limited to: Development/evaluation of regional or national strategies to reduce population salt intake Methodological issues related to measuring salt consumption patterns Use of policy or legislative approaches to reduce salt consumption Design and/or assessment of impact of behavioural change programs Modelling of the impact of interventions on salt intake and health outcomes.
salt --- sodium --- population interventions --- behaviour change --- food environment --- health outcomes
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Big Data collected by customer-facing organisations – such as smartphone logs, store loyalty card transactions, smart travel tickets, social media posts, or smart energy meter readings – account for most of the data collected about citizens today. As a result, they are transforming the practice of social science. Consumer Big Data are distinct from conventional social science data not only in their volume, variety and velocity, but also in terms of their provenance and fitness for ever more research purposes. The contributors to this book, all from the Consumer Data Research Centre, provide a first consolidated statement of the enormous potential of consumer data research in the academic, commercial and government sectors – and a timely appraisal of the ways in which consumer data challenge scientific orthodoxies.
big data --- consumer data research --- consumer --- consumer behaviour
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The Centre d'études sociologiques of the Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis has been selected to participate in the 4th Medical and Health Research Programme of the European Communities by launching a «concerted action» programme on «Sexual Behaviour and Risks of HIV Infection». These are the proceedings of a workshop that was held in Brussels on 5 to 7 April 1989. Its objectives were to discuss with representatives from about twenty potential collaborating centres a proposal for a concerted action programme and to engage in preliminary scientific exchanges on the main aspects of the proposed research programme.
sexual behaviour --- risk --- HIV infection --- research programme --- European Communities
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This accessible text provides an overview of different social influence techniques, which people use in order to make others meet various requests, suggestions and commands. Author Dariusz Dolinski does not merely describe these techniques, but also explores the research behind them: how do we know that they work, and under what conditions are they more or less likely to be effective. A perfect introduction for psychology graduates and undergraduates studying social influence and persuasion, this original text will also appeal to scholars and students in neighboring disciplines, as well as interested practitioners in the field of sales and marketing.
persuasion --- human behaviour --- self-presentation --- compliance gaining --- interpersonal communication
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