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Hydrological extremes have become a major concern because of their devastating consequences and their increased risk as a result of climate change and the growing concentration of people and infrastructure in high-risk zones. The analysis of hydrological extremes is challenging due to their rarity and small sample size, and the interconnections between different types of extremes and becomes further complicated by the untrustworthy representation of meso-scale processes involved in extreme events by coarse spatial and temporal scale models as well as biased or missing observations due to technical difficulties during extreme conditions. The complexity of analyzing hydrological extremes calls for robust statistical methods for the treatment of such events. This Special Issue is motivated by the need to apply and develop innovative stochastic and statistical approaches to analyze hydrological extremes under current and future climate conditions. The papers of this Special Issue focus on six topics associated with hydrological extremes: Historical changes in hydrological extremes; Projected changes in hydrological extremes; Downscaling of hydrological extremes; Early warning and forecasting systems for drought and flood; Interconnections of hydrological extremes; Applicability of satellite data for hydrological studies.
rainfall --- monsoon --- high resolution --- TRMM --- drought prediction --- APCC Multi-Model Ensemble --- seasonal climate forecast --- machine learning --- sparse monitoring network --- Fiji --- drought analysis --- ANN model --- drought indices --- meteorological drought --- SIAP --- SWSI --- hydrological drought --- discrete wavelet --- global warming --- statistical downscaling --- HBV model --- flow regime --- uncertainty --- reservoir inflow forecasting --- artificial neural network --- wavelet artificial neural network --- weighted mean analogue --- variation analogue --- streamflow --- artificial neural network --- simulation --- forecasting --- support vector machine --- evolutionary strategy --- heavy storm --- hyetograph --- temperature --- clausius-clapeyron scaling --- climate change --- the Cauca River --- climate variability --- ENSO --- extreme rainfall --- trends --- statistical downscaling --- random forest --- least square support vector regression --- extreme rainfall --- polynomial normal transform --- multivariate modeling --- sampling errors --- non-normality --- extreme rainfall analysis --- statistical analysis --- hydrological extremes --- stretched Gaussian distribution --- Hurst exponent --- INDC pledge --- precipitation --- extreme events --- extreme precipitation exposure --- non-stationary --- extreme value theory --- uncertainty --- flood regime --- flood management --- Kabul river basin --- Pakistan --- extreme events --- innovative methods --- downscaling --- forecasting --- compound events --- satellite data
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The field of Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) has grown rapidly in the last few decades, allowing the development of faster and more reliable assistive technologies based on direct links between the brain and an external device. Novel applications of BCIs have also been proposed, especially in the area of human augmentation, i.e., enabling people to go beyond human limitations in sensory, cognitive and motor tasks. Brain-imaging techniques, such as electroencephalography, have been used to extract neural correlates of various brain processes and transform them, via machine learning, into commands for external devices. Brain stimulation technology has allowed to trigger the activation of specific brain areas to enhance the cognitive processes associated to the task at hand, hence improving performance. BCIs have therefore extended their scope from assistive technologies for people with disabilities to neuro-tools for human enhancement. This Special Issue aims at showing the recent advances in BCIs for human augmentation, highlighting new results on both traditional and novel applications. These include, but are not limited to, control of external devices, communication, cognitive enhancement, decision making and entertainment.
Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) --- speller --- Graphical User Interface (GUI) --- SSVEP --- P300 --- MI --- hybrid --- human performance --- performance prediction --- indoor room temperature --- office-work tasks --- electroencephalography (EEG) --- brain computer interface --- complete locked-in state --- communication --- Artificial Neural Network --- 20-questions-game --- augmented cognition --- brain–computer interfaces --- superintelligence --- heuristic search --- electroencephalography --- brain-computer interfaces --- waveform --- p300 --- SIFT --- PE --- MP --- SHCC --- n/a
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The Special Issue “Refrigeration Systems and Applications” aims to encourage researchers to address the concerns associated with climate change and the sustainability of artificial cold production systems, and to further the transition to the more sustainable technologies and methodologies of tomorrow through theoretical, experimental, and review research on the different applications of refrigeration and associated topics.
energy consumption --- thermal load --- domestic refrigeration system --- two-phase ejector --- CO2 --- transcritical system --- exergy analysis --- irreversibility --- transiting exergy --- magnetic refrigeration --- magnetocaloric effect --- LaFe13 ? x ? yCoxSiy --- gadolinium --- artificial neural network --- modelling --- twin-screw refrigeration compressor --- CFD --- thermodynamic performance --- P-? indicator diagram --- chiller energy consumption --- artificial neural network (ANN) --- HVAC --- nanofluids --- caloric cooling --- barocaloric --- solid-state cooling --- acetoxy silicone rubber --- Cu nanofluids --- ethylene-glycol nanofluids --- heat transfer --- absorption refrigeration system --- thermodynamic analysis --- calculation model --- LiCl-H2O --- LiBr-H2O --- off-design behaviors --- phase change material --- thermal energy storage --- vapor compression system --- HVAC --- energy efficiency --- distillation --- heat pump --- hydraulic turbine --- refrigerant reclamation --- R-410A --- superheating --- r1234yf --- r1234ze(e) --- HFO --- ejector refrigeration technology --- magnetic refrigeration --- magneto-caloric effect --- coefficient of performance --- eddy currents --- experimental --- parasitic heat load --- modelling
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The Special Issue on Advances in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) explores four important topics of research in the framework of WDNs, namely simulation and optimization modelling, topology and partitioning, water quality, and service effectiveness. With regard to the first topic, the following aspects are addressed: pressure-driven formulations, algorithms for the optimal location of control valves to minimize leakage, the benefits of water discharge prediction for the remote real time control of valves, and transients generated by pumps operating as turbines. In the context of the second topic, a topological taxonomy of WDNs is presented, and partitioning methods for the creation of district metered areas are compared. In relation to the third topic, the vulnerability to trihalomethane is assessed, and a statistical optimization model to minimize heavy metal releases is presented. Finally, the fourth topic focusses on the estimation of non-revenue water, including leakage and unauthorized consumption, and on the assessment of service under intermittent supply conditions.
valve --- pump --- real time control --- pressure --- water distribution modelling --- leakage --- non-revenue water --- multiple regression analysis --- artificial neural network --- water distribution network --- water distribution network --- graph partitioning --- modularity --- district metered areas --- water distribution network management --- complex network theory --- topological analysis --- mathematical model --- valve --- pressure --- leakage --- optimization --- water distribution network --- snapshot simulation --- pressure-driven --- energy recovery systems --- runaway conditions --- unsteady flow --- water hammer --- water distribution system --- water quality --- disinfection by-products --- vulnerability --- water quality (WQ) --- blending --- release of heavy metals (HMR) --- dual response surface optimization (DRSO) --- multiple source waters blending optimization (MSWBO) --- intermittent water supply --- water service quality --- 24
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Photovoltaics, among the different renewable energy sources (RES), has become more popular. In recent years, however, many research topics have arisen as a result of the problems that are constantly faced in smart-grid and microgrid operations, such as forecasting of the output of power plant production, storage sizing, modeling, and control optimization of photovoltaic systems. Computational intelligence algorithms (evolutionary optimization, neural networks, fuzzy logic, etc.) have become more and more popular as alternative approaches to conventional techniques for solving problems such as modeling, identification, optimization, availability prediction, forecasting, sizing, and control of stand-alone, grid-connected, and hybrid photovoltaic systems. This Special Issue will investigate the most recent developments and research on solar power systems. This Special Issue “Computational Intelligence in Photovoltaic Systems” is highly recommended for readers with an interest in the various aspects of solar power systems, and includes 10 original research papers covering relevant progress in the following (non-exhaustive) fields: Forecasting techniques (deterministic, stochastic, etc.); DC/AC converter control and maximum power point tracking techniques; Sizing and optimization of photovoltaic system components; Photovoltaics modeling and parameter estimation; Maintenance and reliability modeling; Decision processes for grid operators.
demand response --- genetic algorithm --- renewable energy --- unit commitment --- uncertainty --- artificial neural network --- day-ahead forecast --- ensemble methods --- harmony search meta-heuristic algorithm --- solar radiation --- photovoltaic --- tilt angle --- orientation --- smart photovoltaic system blind --- prototype model --- photovoltaic panel --- tracking system --- monitoring system --- photovoltaic --- battery --- integrated storage --- PV cell temperature --- thermal model --- thermal image --- single-diode photovoltaic model --- online diagnosis --- genetic algorithm --- embedded systems --- photovoltaics --- power forecasting --- artificial neural networks --- solar cell --- metaheuristic algorithm --- electrical parameters --- analytical methods --- firefly algorithm --- statistical errors --- photovoltaics --- MPPT algorithm --- evolutionary algorithms --- particle swarm optimization --- solar photovoltaic --- parameter extraction --- symbiotic organisms search --- metaheuristic --- computational intelligence --- day-ahead forecast --- photovoltaics
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Buildings are one of the main causes of the emission of greenhouse gases in the world. Europe alone is responsible for more than 30% of emissions, or about 900 million tons of CO2 per year. Heating and air conditioning are the main cause of greenhouse gas emissions in buildings. Most buildings currently in use were built with poor energy efficiency criteria or, depending on the country and the date of construction, none at all. Therefore, regardless of whether construction regulations are becoming stricter, the real challenge nowadays is the energy rehabilitation of existing buildings. It is currently a priority to reduce (or, ideally, eliminate) the waste of energy in buildings and, at the same time, supply the necessary energy through renewable sources. The first can be achieved by improving the architectural design, construction methods, and materials used, as well as the efficiency of the facilities and systems; the second can be achieved through the integration of renewable energy (wind, solar, geothermal, etc.) in buildings. In any case, regardless of whether the energy used is renewable or not, the efficiency must always be taken into account. The most profitable and clean energy is that which is not consumed.
greenhouse --- floor envelope design --- ground heat transfer --- thermal insulation --- energy modeling --- life cycle cost analysis --- nearly zero energy building --- artificial neural network --- performance parameter design --- energy saving ratio --- dynamic simulation --- urban modelling --- co-simulation --- simulation engines --- building stock energy demand --- building --- energy --- heat load --- sensitivity --- glazing --- surface cooling --- three-phase unbalance minimization --- model predictive control --- home energy management system --- perturbation and observation --- adjustable step size --- low power loss --- maximum power point tracking --- HVAC demand --- prediction --- energy efficiency --- residential buildings --- Ipomoea batatas --- lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA), thermal performance --- extensive green roof --- subtropical climate --- artificial neural network --- big data --- energy-performance gap --- building energy prediction --- building user activity --- single-person household --- Korean household energy consumption --- analytical hierarchy process --- energy efficiency promotion --- influencing factors --- residential buildings --- policy design --- building energy --- passive architecture --- test method --- energy performance standard --- zero energy building --- technology package --- renovation --- energy renovation --- demolition --- new construction --- energy use --- energy performance --- life cycle cost --- optimization --- OPERA-MILP --- multi-family buildings --- Arab region --- building sector --- energy efficiency --- energy productivity --- GCC --- Maghreb --- Mashreq --- space heating --- domestic hot water (DHW) --- air, ground and water source heat pump (ASHP, GSHP and WSHP) --- coefficient of performance (COP) --- seasonal performance factor (SPF) --- energy pile --- energy tunnel --- Level(s) --- green building rating systems --- Building Research Establishment Assessment Method (BREEAM) --- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB) --- Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE) --- Leadership in Energy & --- Environmental Design (LEED) --- energy efficiency --- subtropical climate building --- Minimum-Energy Building (MEB) --- building refurbishment --- building rehabilitation --- building renovation --- envelope airtightness --- envelope thermography --- envelope transmittance
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Masonry is a construction material that has been used throughout the years as a structural or non-structural component in buildings. Masonry can be described as a composite material made up of different units and diverse types of arrangements, with or without mortar, that is used in many ancient public buildings, as well as with the latest technologies being applied in construction. Research in multiple relevant fields, as well as crossing structural with non-structural needs, is crucial for understanding the qualities of existent buildings and to develop new products and construction technologies. This book addresses and promotes the discussion related to the different topics addressing the use of masonry in the construction sciences and in practice, including theory and research, numerical approaches and technical applications in new works, and repair actions and interventions in the built environment, connecting theory and application across topics from academia to industry.
wall --- hysteresis --- dynamic --- no-fines lightweight concrete --- artificial neural network --- AEM --- load-bearing masonry walls --- seismic rehabilitation --- masonry characterization --- mechanical properties --- in situ test campaign --- granite masonry --- flat-jack testing --- old urban center --- regional constructive cultures --- unreinforced load-bearing masonry --- strengthening intervention --- non-linear analysis --- Nepal earthquake --- high-rise reinforced concrete structure --- masonry infill walls --- ambient vibration test --- survey damage assessment --- numerical modelling --- stone masonry --- weak mortar --- foundation settlement --- seismic actions --- observed performance --- linear and non-linear numerical tools --- stone masonry wallets --- shear-sliding tests --- masonry --- infilled frames --- capacity curve --- bilinear approximation --- neural networks --- database --- RC buildings --- masonry infills and partitions --- damage analysis --- repair costs due to infills --- post-earthquake surveys --- masonry shell --- cracks in shells --- static analysis --- strengthening --- seismic assessment --- Greco-Roman construction --- masonry building --- seismic retrofitting --- heritage construction --- structural restoration --- n/a
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This Special Issue presents the work of 30 scientists from 11 countries. It confirms that the impacts of global change, resulting from both climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure, are huge on worldwide coastal areas (and critically so on some islands in the Pacific Ocean), with highly negative effects on coastal groundwater resources, which are widely affected by seawater intrusion. Some improved research methods are proposed in the contributions: using innovative hydrogeological, geophysical, and geochemical monitoring; assessing impacts of the changing environment on the coastal groundwater resources in terms of quantity and quality; and using modelling, especially to improve management approaches. The scientific research needed to face these challenges must continue to be deployed by different approaches based on the monitoring, modelling and management of groundwater resources. Novel and more efficient methods must be developed to keep up with the accelerating pace of global change.
artificial neural network --- support vector machine --- time series model --- freshwater-saltwater interface --- direct prediction --- recursive prediction --- geophysics --- groundwater --- hydrogeology --- aquifer --- atoll --- freshwater lens --- sea-level rise --- flooding --- groundwater --- tide --- submarine groundwater discharge --- atoll island --- groundwater storage --- freshwater resilience --- MODFLOW/SEAWAT --- saltwater intrusion --- water resources management --- seawater intrusion --- coastal aquifer --- arid and semi-arid regions --- cation exchange --- Tripoli --- Libya --- seawater intrusion --- multi-layered coastal aquifer --- offshore geophysics --- numerical model --- tidal signal --- sea–aquifer relations --- fish ponds --- sharp interface numerical modeling --- freshwater lens --- saltwater intrusion --- well salinization --- small islands --- Tongatapu --- saltwater intrusion --- sea level rise --- Nile Delta aquifer --- fresh groundwater volume --- extraction --- Nile Delta governorates --- SGD --- SGD model --- Radon --- coastal aquifer --- nutrient discharge --- Gaza Strip --- saltwater intrusion --- groundwater resources --- coastal aquifer --- climate change --- modelling --- monitoring --- salinization --- water resources management
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Micro-power domestic organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems and the selection of the expander and the working fluid are presented, analyzed thoroughly, and numerically evaluated. A promising decentralized hybrid PV-SOFC system is investigated for providing useful energy supply to commercial buildings, capable of power and heat generation at a lower cost. A hybrid solar-combined cycle power plant integrated with a packed-bed thermal energy storage system with a novel recycling configuration enables robust control of collector temperature and net power during times of high solar activity. An automated hybrid (solar and biomass) power plant for thermal energy production for indoor space heating loads coverage is presented. A comprehensive and up-to-date literature review is presented of non-iterative methods for the extraction of the single diode model parameters of photovoltaic modules. A prototype custom built two-speed gearbox with a single stage transmission electric vehicle achieves significant reductions in the overall energy consumption. Two new fuzzy models are presented of high concentrator photovoltaics using the high-accuracy Takagi–Sugeno–Kang approach and the ease of interpreting the Mamdani linguistic rules. Finally, the impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in the primary frequency regulation is studied and the effects of PHEVs in non-interconnected isolated power systems with significant renewable energy source (RES) penetration are demonstrated through simulations of the isolated power system of Cyprus Island.
ORC --- working fluid --- multi-vane expander --- numerical analysis --- experimental analysis --- hybrid system --- decentralized system --- combined-heat-and-power --- solid oxide fuel cells --- photovoltaic --- thermoeconomic modeling --- concentrated solar power --- hybridization --- thermal energy storage --- simulation --- control --- heating and cooling loads --- biomass-solar combi systems --- buildings energy performance upgrade --- solar collectors’ simulation --- thermal energy storage --- analytical --- explicit --- five parameters --- Lambert W function --- parameters extraction --- photovoltaic (PV) --- review --- single-diode model --- transmission --- electric vehicle --- 2-speed --- gear change --- CVT --- energy consumption --- artificial neural network --- fuzzy rule-based systems --- adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system --- ad hoc data-driven generation --- high concentrator photovoltaic modules --- maximum power prediction --- vehicle-to-grid (V2G) --- isolated power system dynamic simulation --- primary frequency control (PFC) --- scheduled charging --- aggregator --- battery storage --- renewable energy systems modeling
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The rapid growth of modern industry has resulted in a growing demand for construction materials with excellent operational properties. However, the improved features of these materials can significantly hinder their manufacture and, therefore, they can be defined as hard-to-cut. The main difficulties during the manufacturing/processing of hard-to-cut materials are attributed especially to their high hardness and abrasion resistance, high strength at room or elevated temperatures, increased thermal conductivity, as well as resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Nowadays, the group of hard-to-cut materials is extensive and still expanding, which is attributed to the development of a novel manufacturing techniques (e.g., additive technologies). Currently, the group of hard-to-cut materials mainly includes hardened and stainless steels, titanium, cobalt and nickel alloys, composites, ceramics, as well as the hard clads fabricated by additive techniques. This Special Issue, “Advances in Hard-to-Cut Materials: Manufacturing, Properties, Process Mechanics and Evaluation of Surface Integrity”, provides the collection of research papers regarding the various problems correlated with hard-to-cut materials. The analysis of these studies reveals the primary directions regarding the developments in manufacturing methods, characterization, and optimization of hard-to-cut materials.
magnesium --- alloying --- spark plasma sintering --- elastic modulus --- corrosion resistance --- bioactivity --- additive manufacturing --- SLM technology --- porosity research --- microhardness research --- drilling --- dynamometer --- hole quality --- forces --- roundness --- roughness --- wear --- chips --- burr --- abrasive machining --- sapphire substrate --- resin bond --- surface --- texture --- machining --- multiscale --- aluminum alloy 6061 T6 --- surface finish --- high speed milling (HSM) --- roughness --- modeling --- intelligent optimization --- hard turning --- surface roughness --- cutting temperature --- evolutionary algorithm --- Ti-6Al-4V --- alloy --- EDC --- microcracks --- microhardness --- adhesion strength --- fused deposition modelling --- investment casting --- mathematical modelling --- aluminium matrix composite --- environmentally friendly --- nano-cutting fluids --- nickel-based alloys --- turning --- optimization --- micro-groove --- titanium alloy --- surface integrity --- material swelling and springback --- ultrasonic elliptical vibration assisted cutting --- artificial neural network --- prediction --- tool wear --- ultrasonically assisted turning --- Nimonic-90 --- surface roughness --- power consumption --- optimization --- nature inspired hybrid algorithm --- hard–to–cut materials --- machining --- additive manufacturing --- mechanics --- surface integrity
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