Search results:
Found 15
Listing 1 - 10 of 15 | << page >> |
Sort by
|
Choose an application
The ability to genetically engineer oncolytic viruses in order to minimize side effects and improve the selective targeting of tumor cells has opened up novel opportunities for treating cancer. Understanding the mechanisms involved and the complex interaction between the viruses and the immune system will undoubtedly help guide the development of new strategies. Theranostic biomarkers to monitor these therapies in clinical trials serve an important need in this innovative field and demand further research.
oncolytic viruses --- cancer immunotherapy --- oncoimmunology --- antitumor immunity --- gene expression --- transgenes --- theranostic nanomedicine
Choose an application
Microorganisms have had a long and surprising history. They were “invisible” until invention of microscope in the 17th century. Until that date, although they were extensively (but inconsciously) employed in food preservation, beer and wine fermentation, cheese, vinegar, yogurt and bread making, as well as being the causative agents of infectious diseases, they were considered as “not-existing”. The work of Pasteur in the middle of the 19th century revealed several biological activities performed by microorganisms including fermentations and pathogenicity. Due to the urgent issue to treat infectious diseases (the main cause of death at those times) the “positive potential” of the microbial world has been neglected for about one century. Once the fight against the “evil” strains was fulfilled also thanks to the antibiotics, industry began to appreciate bacteria’s beneficial characteristics and exploit selected strains as starters for both food fermentations and aroma, enzyme and texturing agent production. However, it was only at the end of the 20th century that the probiotic potential of some bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria was fully recognized. Very recently, apart from the probiotic activity of in toto bacteria, attention has begun to be directed to the chemical mediators of the probiotic effect. Thanks also to the improvement of techniques such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, several bioactive compounds are continuously being discovered. Bioactive molecules produced by bacteria, yeasts and virus-infected cells proved to be important for improving or impairing human health. The most important result of last years’ research concerns the discovery that a very complex network of signals allows communication between organisms (from intra-species interactions to inter-kingdom signaling). Based on these findings a completely new approach has arisen: the system biology standpoind. Actually, the different organisms colonizing a certain environmental niche are not merely interacting with each other as individuals but should be considered as a whole complex ecosystem continuously exchanging information at the molecular level. In this context, this topic issue explores both antagonistic compounds (i.e. antibiotics) and “multiple function” cooperative molecules improving the physiological status of both stimulators and targets of this network. From the applicative viewpoint, these molecules could be hopefully exploited to develop new pharmaceuticals and/or nutraceuticals for improving human health.
gut-brain axis --- antitumor activity --- immune-system modulation --- antibiotics --- human-microbes cross talk --- food-encrypted peptides --- Metagenomics --- Metabolomics --- Gut Microbiota
Choose an application
NK cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that share some features with adaptive immune cells like T cells. They are well known for their importance to control viral infections and tumor development, but also intracellular bacterial and parasitic infections. A balance between negative and positive signals transmitted via germ line-encoded inhibitory and activating receptors controls the function of NK cells. Activated NK cells respond by killing the infected or tumor cells without prior sensitization, and by producing cytokines and chemokines. It has been shown that NK cells cross-talk with other immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, can shape T cell and B cell immune responses through direct interactions as well as by virtue of their cytokine/chemokine production. NK cells can also regulate immune responses by killing other immune cells, including activated T cells, or by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines upon excessive inflammation. However, NK cells are not friends in all situations. Indeed, it has been shown in LCMV-infected murine models that, depending on the viral inoculation load, NK cells may either help fight infection or can promote chronic infection. Moreover in cancer models, it has been shown that NK cells can kill anti-tumoral T cells. Recent studies of NK cells in patients with cancer support the notion of detrimental roles of NK cells. Furthermore, studies implicate NK cells in contributing to both graft rejection and tolerance to an allograft. In some autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, NK cells may promote disease pathogenesis. The scope of this Research Topic is to present and discuss knowledge on the role of NK cells in various diseases settings: viral infections as well as other infections, cancer, transplantation, and autoimmunity. The aim is to discuss how NK cells respond during disease and specifically when, why and how NK cells can be harmful and if they exert different functions (production of specific cytokines, inhibition of other immune cells through other mechanisms beside cytotoxicity) in these situations. Which are the NK cell subsets that play beneficial or deleterious roles in these diseases? Are there different phenotypes associated with protective NK cells (e.g. antiviral, antitumoral) and NK cells involved in disease pathogenesis? How are these diverse NK cells activated and do they function primarily through direct cytotoxicity, ADCC or cytokine and chemokine production? What are the signals or interactions that can change and shape the NK cell response shifting them from protective to harmful? We thank the authors that submitted reviews and original research manuscripts that help to better understand these questions, with the aim that this will help the scientific community to determine what could be the main future research directions to better understand the role of NK cells in disease protection or development.
natural killer cells --- antimicrobial response --- antiviral response --- antitumor response --- transplantation --- inflammation --- uterine natural killer cells --- signaling pathways --- innate immune system
Choose an application
Marine proteins and peptides have great potential application in developing pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. Proteins and peptides from marine sources are considered to be safe and inexpensive. Protein- and peptide-based drugs have been increasing in recent days to cure various diseases by serving multiple roles, such as antioxidants, anticancer drugs, antimicrobials, and anticoagulants. There are different marine sources (macroalgae, fish, shellfish, and bivalves), which possibly contain specific protein and peptides.
isolation process --- fish collagen --- fish gelatin --- antioxidant proteins and peptides --- anticancer proteins and peptides --- anticoagulant proteins and peptides --- antifreeze proteins and peptides --- antimicrobial protein and peptides --- antitumor proteins and peptides --- cardio protective proteins and peptides --- macro algae protein --- digestive enzymes --- antihypertensive proteins
Choose an application
This book will cover topics related to the preparation and use of heterogeneous catalytic systems for the transformation of renewable sources, as well as of materials deriving from agro-industrial wastes and by-products. At the same time, the ever-increasing importance of bioproducts, due to the acceptance and request of consumers, makes the upgrade of biomass into chemicals and materials not only an environmental issue, but also an economical advantage.
selenium --- methylselenoesters --- entosis --- anticancer agent --- hypoxia --- tumor microenvironment --- tumor heterogeneity --- cancer --- cancer stem cells --- EMT --- cell plasticity --- DNA damage and repair --- immune evasion --- HIF --- selenium --- glutathione --- malignant --- viability --- DNA damage --- ER stress --- methylselenocysteine --- seleno-l-methionine --- clear-cell renal cell carcinoma microRNAs --- hypoxia-inducible factor --- antitumor activity --- selenium-binding protein 1 --- SBP1 --- SELENBP1 --- hSP56 --- cancer --- disease --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) --- selenium --- PD-L1 --- miRNA --- VEGF --- mTOR inhibitors --- selenium species --- Se-containing nanoparticles --- anticancer --- chemotherapeutics --- epigenetics --- head and neck cancer --- selenium --- methylseleninic acid --- radiation --- lipid peroxidation --- glutathione --- tocopherol --- selenium --- isoselenourea --- melanoma --- STAT3 --- apoptosis
Choose an application
Marine natural products containing a heterocyclic moiety in their structure are present in a wide variety of sponges, corals, algae, and fungi. Many of them show important biological activities such as cytotoxic properties against several cancer cell lines. Their challenging chemical structures have attracted the attention of many researchers who have developed various synthetic approaches. This Special Issue presents some examples of new synthetic or biosynthetic methodologies to access this type of marine natural drug.
smenamides --- marine natural products --- peptide/polyketide molecules --- synthetic analogues --- functional-analogues --- antiproliferative activity --- MM cell line --- alotamide --- asymmetric synthesis --- relative structural determination --- tetrahydropyrans --- acid mediated cyclization --- stereoselective --- marine drugs analogues --- pallescensin 1 --- pallescensin 2 --- dihydropallescensin 2 --- isomicrocionin-3 --- pallescensone --- furanosesquiterpenes --- stereoselective synthesis --- lipase-mediated resolution --- cyclogeranylsulfonylbenzene isomers --- microalgae --- Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 --- short chain fatty acids --- ?-ketoacyl ACP Synthase --- psammaplin A --- marine natural product --- biological activity --- structural modification --- benzo[d]thiazol --- synthesis --- antarctic-derived fungus --- antidepressant --- anticonvulsant --- toluquinol --- thymoquinone --- marine hydroquinone --- antitumor --- natural compound analogues --- hybrid polyketides --- tetramic acid --- Cladosporium sphaerospermum --- hybrid PKS-NRPS --- LLC-PK1 cells --- GGPPS --- Haematococcus pluvialis --- astaxanthin --- Iso-Seq --- anticandidal activity --- antimicrobial peptides --- Candida albicans --- Octominin --- Octopus minor
Choose an application
This book contains original papers and reviews on carbohydrate research in medicine, authored by participants of the 29th International Carbohydrate Symposium, where this topic had a special emphasis. The focus on biological events involving carbohydrates and glycoconjugates has delivered reliable approaches for disease treatment and diagnosis. Research on carbohydrate-based compounds for therapeutic applications is illustrated in various contributions, namely those covering the development of novel agents against Alzheimer’s disease, e.g. the neuroprotective C-glucosylated flavones and the isonucleoside-based cholinesterase inhibitors. New imino sugar glucosidase inhibitors are also disclosed, a class of compounds with potential for diabetes, Gaucher disease or cancer treatment. Also the development of a useful synthetic method towards multivalent glycoclusters of biomedical interest is here highlighted. The relevance of glycomimetics in drug discovery and the progress on carbohydrates in early diagnosis and cancer treatment are reviewed. Noteworthy is the chitosan-based delivery system for drug oral administration, a new biomaterial-based approach to improve bioavailability. Another study on the conformation of Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide backbones by molecular modelling provides useful information for bacterial immunotherapeutic approaches. All original contributions and reviews clearly demonstrate the potential of glycosciences for innovation in medicinal (glyco)chemistry and pharmaceutical research.
capsular polysaccharide --- carbohydrate antigen --- molecular modeling --- Group B Streptococcus --- Streptococcus pneumoniae --- conjugate vaccines --- bioactive peptides --- buccal delivery --- chitosan --- microparticles --- oral films --- Microwave reactions --- chemoselective --- oxime --- aminooxy --- glycoclusters --- multivalent --- sugars --- iminosugars --- glycosidase inhibition --- carbohydrate --- glycomimetic --- drug development --- lectin --- lead optimization --- binding affinity --- cancer treatment --- carbohydrate antigens --- carbohydrate-based antitumor vaccines --- warburg effect --- iminosugar --- cancer diagnosis --- Alzheimer’s disease --- A?1-42 --- cholinesterase inhibitors --- flavones --- chromen-4-ones --- C-glucosyl flavonoids --- PAMPA --- isonucleosides --- theobromine --- Mitsunobu reaction --- cholinesterase inhibitors --- iminosugars --- polyhydroxypiperidines --- polyhydroxyazepanes --- glucosidase inhibition --- miglustat --- miglitol --- n/a
Choose an application
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs; EC 4.2.1.1) are metalloenzymes present in all kingdoms of life, as they equilibrate the reaction between three simple but essential chemical species: CO2, bicarbonate, and protons. Discovered more than 80 years ago, in 1933, these enzymes have been extensively investigated due to the biomedical application of their inhibitors, but also because they are an extraordinary example of convergent evolution, with seven genetically distinct CA families that evolved independently in Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. CAs are also among the most efficient enzymes known in nature, due to the fact that the uncatalyzed hydration of CO2 is a very slow process and the physiological demands for its conversion to ionic, soluble species is very high. Inhibition of the CAs has pharmacological applications in many fields, such as antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, antiobesity, and anticancer agents/diagnostic tools, but is also emerging for designing anti-infectives, i.e., antifungal, antibacterial, and antiprotozoan agents with a novel mechanism of action. Mitochondrial CAs are implicated in de novo lipogenesis, and thus selective inhibitors of such enzymes may be useful for the development of new antiobesity drugs. As tumor metabolism is diverse compared to that of normal cells, ultimately, relevant contributions on the role of the tumor-associated isoforms CA IX and XII in these phenomena have been published and the two isoforms have been validated as novel antitumor/antimetastatic drug targets, with antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors in various stages of clinical development. CAs also play a crucial role in other metabolic processes connected with urea biosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, and so on, since many carboxylation reactions catalyzed by acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase or pyruvate carboxylase use bicarbonate, not CO2, as a substrate. In organisms other than mammals, e.g., plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, CAs are involved in photosynthesis, whereas in many parasites (fungi, protozoa), they are involved in the de novo synthesis of important metabolites (lipids, nucleic acids, etc.). The metabolic effects related to interference with CA activity, however, have been scarcely investigated. The present Special Issue of Metabolites aims to fill this gap by presenting the latest developments in the field of CAs and their role in metabolism.
tumor --- metabolism --- carbonic anhydrase --- isoforms IX and XII --- inhibitor --- sulfonamide --- antibody --- bacterial carbonic anhydrases --- inhibitors --- antibiotic --- CO2 capture --- engineered bacteria --- acidity --- hypoxia --- pH --- carbonic anhydrases --- V-ATPases --- proton pump inhibitors --- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors --- carbonic anhydrase IX --- cancer --- hypoxia --- radiation --- resistance --- tumors --- pH --- carbonic anhydrases --- metalloenzymes --- carbonic anhydrase IX --- carbonic anhydrase XII --- cancer therapeutics --- metabolism --- tumor microenvironment --- drug discovery --- hypoxia --- carbonic anhydrase IX --- cancer metabolism --- transporter --- integrin --- MMP14 --- migration --- invasion --- metastasis --- carbonic anhydrases --- CA gene family --- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii --- model alga --- metabolic role --- photosynthesis --- carbonic anhydrase --- hypoxic tumor --- metabolism --- carboxylation --- bicarbonate --- pH regulation --- antitumor agent --- sulfonamide --- bacterial enzymes --- carbonic anhydrase --- enzyme inhibition --- metalloenzymes --- amino acid --- glaucoma --- tumors --- carbonic anhydrase --- human isoform --- sulfonamide --- benzamide --- pathogens --- Entamoeba histolytica --- carbonic anhydrase --- metalloenzymes --- protozoan --- amine --- amino acid --- activator
Choose an application
In recent years, there has been a steady increase in the publication of papers on the chemistry, biology, and potential clinical uses of marine glycosides. Indeed, more than half of the papers published in this field are less than a decade old. Glycosides have been isolated from species as diverse as algae, fungi, anthozoans, and echinoderms. Even fish of the genus Pardachirus produce glycosides, which they use as shark repellents.
sponge --- saponins --- deep-sea --- Poecillastra compressa --- Neothyonidium magnum --- triterpene glycosides --- magnumosides --- sea cucumber --- cytotoxic activity --- radioactive irradiation --- sea cucumber --- Eupentacta fraudatrix --- triterpene glycoside --- liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry --- metabolite profiling --- holostane --- nonholostane --- cucumarioside --- cytotoxic --- antifungal --- glycosides --- Conus pulicarius --- steroidal glycoside --- cholesterol sulfate --- cytotoxicity --- leukemia --- cancer --- frondoside A --- tumor growth --- metastases --- apoptosis --- invasion --- angiogenesis --- Culcita novaeguineae --- starfish --- polyhydroxysteroidal glycoside --- cytotoxicity --- mangrove-derived Streptomyces --- angucycline --- urdamycin --- marine organisms --- carbohydrate --- glycoside --- antioxidant --- anticoagulant --- anti-inflammatory --- antitumor --- antimicrobial --- glycolipids --- glycosphingolipids --- glycoglycerolipids --- natural products --- total synthesis --- triterpene glycosides --- saponin --- sea cucumber --- mass spectrometry --- MALDI --- ESI --- LC-MS --- Holothuroidea --- marine ginseng --- structure elucidation --- marine invertebrate --- natural products --- bioactive compounds --- antifungal --- antibacterial --- antioxidant --- Streptomyces --- angucycline glycosides --- saquayamycin --- cytotoxicity --- apoptosis --- SMMC-7721
Choose an application
Many macro and micro species, from terrestrial and aquatic environments, produce structurally unique compounds and, in many countries, still are the primary sources of medicines. In fact, secondary metabolites are an important source of chemotherapeutic agents but are also lead compounds for synthetic modification and the optimization of biological activity. Therefore, the exploitation of secondary metabolites, or their inspired synthetic compounds, offers excellent opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry. This Medicines Special Issue focuses on the great potential of secondary metabolites for therapeutic application. The Special Issue contains 16 articles reporting relevant experimental results, and an overview of bioactive secondary metabolites, their biological effects, and new methodologies that improve and accelerate the process of obtained lead compounds with regard to new drug development. We would like to thank all 83 authors, from all over the world, for their valuable contributions to this Special Issue.
Juniperus --- secondary metabolites --- diterpenes --- flavonoids --- lignans --- cytotoxic --- antitumor --- antibacterial --- amentoflavone --- deoxypodophyllotoxin --- frankincense --- Boswellia --- cembranoids --- cneorubenoids --- boswellic acids --- molecular docking --- Scabiosa --- flavonoids --- iridoids --- pentacyclic triterpenoids --- antioxidant --- anti-inflammatory --- antibacterial --- anticancer --- Cordyceps militaris --- xanthine oxidase --- antioxidant --- antibacterial --- cordycepin --- GC-MS --- Artemisia species --- Artemisia vachanica --- artemisinin --- HPLC-PAD --- Tajikistan --- Malus x domestica --- Tuscany --- ancient varieties --- nutraceutics --- antioxidants --- polyphenols --- sugars --- pectin --- defensins --- secondary metabolites --- plant defense --- antimicrobial and anticancer activity --- medicine --- innate immunity --- cannabis --- cannabinoids --- therapeutics --- toxicology --- analytical determination --- legalization --- natural products --- biosynthetic gene clusters --- secondary metabolites --- antiSMASH --- Mitragyna speciosa --- kratom --- secondary metabolites --- therapeutic uses --- toxicology --- analysis --- Maytenus chiapensis --- Celastraceae --- quinonemethide triterpenoids --- pristimerin --- tingenone --- HPLC-PDA --- Ocimum sanctum --- Lamiaceae --- (-)-rabdosiin --- cytotoxic activity --- triterpenoids --- phenolic derivatives --- nanoemulsion --- essential oils --- vector control --- infectious diseases --- TCM --- phytochemistry --- LC-MS/MS --- antioxidant activity --- ABTS --- DPPH --- FRAP --- ascorbic acid --- EGCG --- total phenolics --- antimicrobial activity --- sargaquinoic acid --- sarganaphthoquinoic acid --- antiplasmodial --- malaria --- PPAR-? --- sargahydroquinoic acid --- sarganaphthoquinoic acid --- sargachromenoic acid --- inflammation --- bowel diseases --- secondary metabolites --- biological activities --- medicinal applications --- plants --- seaweeds
Listing 1 - 10 of 15 | << page >> |
Sort by
|