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Strong evidence continues to accumulate indicating that amyloid-beta (Aß) is a central part of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis in spite of the negative evidence coming from failed clinical trials. Therefore, mechanisms of clearance of Aß are of great interest in understanding AD pathogenesis and the development of effective treatments. This topic focuses on the issues related to Aß clearance in AD. The topics covered include proteases that degrade Aß and their localization, regulation, and functions. This topic also covers issues related to clearance through uptake by glia and through low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor mediated mechanisms. Signal transduction related to AD pathology and clearance is also addressed. Finally, immunotherapy and other novel therapeutic approaches are discussed.

Alzheimer's disease --- amyloid-beta --- Clearance --- Proteases --- LDL receptors --- Signal Transduction

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Molecular chaperones or heat-shock proteins (HSPs) play essential roles in safeguarding structural stability and preventing misfolding and aggregation of proteins, and maintaining the proteome functionality in the cell. For over two decades until the present time, new functions have been discovered and several molecular mechanisms have been elucidated for many chaperones, while the field is being continuously challenged by new open questions. Probably as a consequence of the increasing research on the molecular bases of neurodegenerative diseases, and the realisation that many such disorders are linked to protein misfolding processes, unleashing the roles and mechanisms of chaperones in the context of neurodegeneration has become a prime scientific goal. This e-book contains a diversity of reviews, perspective and original research articles highlighting the importance and potential of this emerging subject.

heat-shock protein --- molecular chaperone --- heat-shock response --- proteostasis --- amyloid protein --- protein misfolding --- neurodegenerative disease --- neurodegeneration --- neuroprotection --- therapeutics

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Glycans (carbohydrate chains) of marine creatures are rich and diverse in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The chains that are metabolized by glycan-related enzymes (glycosyltransferases and glycosidases) are recognized by glycan-binding proteins (lectins) which regulate cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, and death. Marine glycomics that involves the genome and transcriptome accelerates our understanding of the evolution of glycans, glycan-related enzymes, and lectins. From 2017 to 2019, the Special Issue “Marine Glycobiology, Glycomics and Lectins” of the journal Marine Drugs published scientific articles and reviews, on the background of “glycobiology”—that is, glycan-based biosciences. The aim was to promote the discovery of novel biomolecules that contribute to drug development and clinical studies. This has great potential for establishing connections between the fields of both human health and marine life sciences.This book contains 11 scientific papers representing current topics in comprehensive glycosciences related to therapeutic agents from marine natural products, as outlined.

HddSBL --- oncolytic vaccinia virus --- glioblastoma --- adverse effects --- TTL --- oncolytic vaccinia virus --- viral replication --- ERK --- ?-galactosidase --- recombinant --- thermostable --- transglycosylation --- galactooligosaccharides --- Marinomonas --- Pattalus mollis --- fucosylated glycosaminoglycan --- fucan sulfate --- physicochemical characteristics --- anticoagulant activities --- Alzheimer’s disease --- amyloid-? --- BACE1 --- ?-secretase --- glycosaminoglycan --- heparan sulphate --- heparin --- Portunus pelagicus --- nematocyst discharge process --- theoretical model --- polysialic acid (polySia) --- nematogalectin --- nanomedical devices --- fucoidan --- therapeutic effects --- bioactivity --- anti-viral --- apoptosis-related genes --- Ehrlich ascites carcinoma --- toxicity --- lectin --- MytiLec-1 --- Mytilus galloprovincialis --- malignant glioma --- oligo-fucoidan --- differentiation induction --- epigenetic modification --- DNA methyltransferases --- Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens --- fucoidan --- retinal pigment epithelium --- VEGF --- oxidative stress --- phagocytosis --- innate immunity --- lectins --- complement system --- C1q --- bivalve mollusks --- tandem duplication --- pattern recognition receptors

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The plant-derived polyphenol curcumin has been used in promoting health and combating disease for thousands of years. Its therapeutic effects have been successfully utilized in Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicine in order to treat inflammatory diseases. Current results from modern biomolecular research reveal the modulatory effects of curcumin on a variety of signal transduction pathways associated with inflammation and cancer. In this context, curcumin’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic, and even anti-metastatic activities are discussed. On the cellular level, the reduced activity of several transcription factors (such as NFkB or AP-1) and the suppression of inflammatory cytokines, matrix degrading enzymes, metastasis related genes and even microRNAs are reported. On functional levels, these molecular effects translate into reduced proliferative, invasive, and metastatic capacity, as well as induced tumor cell apoptosis. All these effects have been observed not only in vitro but also in animal models. In combination with anti-neoplastic drugs like Taxol, kinase inhibitors, and radiation therapy, curcumin potentiates the drugs’ therapeutic power and can protect against undesired side effects. Natural plant-derived compounds like curcumin have one significant advantage: They do not usually cause side effects. This feature qualifies curcumin for primary prevention in healthy persons with a predisposition to cancer, arteriosclerosis, or chronic inflammatory diseases. Nonetheless, curcumin is considered safe, although potential toxic effects stemming from high dosages, long-term intake, and pharmacological interactions with other compounds have yet to be assessed. This Special Issue examines in detail and updates current research on the molecular targets, protective effects, and modes of action of natural plant-derived compounds and their roles in the prevention and treatment of human diseases.

brain ischemia --- curcumin --- Alzheimer’s disease --- neurodegeneration --- amyloid --- tau protein --- autophagy --- mitophagy --- apoptosis --- genes --- glioblastoma multiforme --- autophagy --- mitophagy --- curcumin --- chaperone-mediated autophagy --- Akt/mTOR signaling --- transmission electron microscopy --- Curcuma longa --- turmeric tuber --- Zingiberaceae --- TLC bioautography --- antimicrobial agents --- ImageJ --- TLC-MS --- hydrostatic counter-current chromatography --- centrifugal partition chromatography --- curcumin --- death receptor --- apoptosis --- curcumin --- anticancer --- structure activity relationship --- cellular pathway --- mechanism of action --- delivery system --- wound --- wound healing --- diet --- nutrition --- micronutrients --- macronutrients --- curcumin --- amino-acids --- vitamins --- minerals --- curcumin --- oxidative metabolites --- inflamm-aging --- cancer --- metabolic reprogramming --- direct protein binding --- IL-17 --- STAT3 --- SHMT2 --- ageing --- anti-cancer --- autophagy --- microbiota --- senescence --- senolytics --- curcumin --- transthyretin --- amyloidosis --- protein aggregation --- protein misfolding --- drug discovery --- curcumin --- renal cell cancer --- tumor growth --- tumor proliferation --- cell cycling --- curcumin --- reflux esophagitis --- gastroprotection --- gastric ulcer --- Helicobacter pylori --- gastric cancer --- curcumin --- complementary medicine --- cancer treatment --- supportive care --- antioxidants --- anti-inflamation --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- necrotizing enterocolitis --- curcumin --- inflammatory bowel disease --- curcumin --- silica --- chitosan --- nanoparticles --- anti-tumor --- antioxidant activity --- n/a

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Antioxidative polyphenols represented by tannins and flavonoids are rich in numerous food sources and traditional natural medicines and currently attracting increased attention in health care and food industries because of their multiple biological activities that are favorable to human health. Commemorating the outstanding achievements on tannins by Dr. Takuo Okuda on the occasion of his passing away in December 2016, his colleagues, friends, and worldwide experts of polyphenol research have contributed 18 papers on their recent study to the Special Issue of Molecules. This book is its reprinted form. This covers reviews of structural features, historical usages, and biological activities of unique class of ellagitannins and condensed tannins, and original articles on the most up-to-date findings on the anticancer effect of green tea catechins, the antivirus effect of tannins comparing with the clinically used drugs, the analytical method of ellagitannins using quantitative NMR, the chemical structures of Hydrangea-blue complex (pigment) and condensed tannins in Ephedra sinica and purple prairie clover, and the relationship of condensed tannins in legumes and grape-marc with methane production in the in vitro ruminant system, and others. This book will be useful to natural product chemists and also to researchers in pharmaceutical and/or food industry.

Dittrichia viscosa --- antifungal activities --- Candida spp. --- Malassezia spp. --- Microsporum canis --- Aspergillus fumigates --- Ephedra sinica --- proanthocyanidin --- oligomer --- thiolysis --- phloroglucinolysis --- TDDFT --- ECD --- neuraminidase --- inhibition --- tannins --- oseltamivir carboxylate --- zanamivir --- crystal structure --- molecular interactions --- oenothein B --- ellagitannin --- macrocyclic oligomer --- Onagraceae --- Myrtaceae --- Lythraceae --- antioxidants --- antitumor effect --- immunomodulatory effect --- anti-inflammation --- tannin composition --- purple prairie clover --- conservation method --- protein precipitation --- Escherichia coli --- Cynanchum wilfordii --- phenolic glycoside --- 2-O-?-laminaribiosyl-4-hydroxyacetophenone --- cynandione A --- thin layer chromatography --- Cynanchum auriculatum --- Acacia mearnsii bark --- wattle tannin --- proanthocyanidins --- biological activities --- tannins --- vegetable tanning --- European historic leathers --- colorimetric tests --- spectroscopy --- UV-Vis --- FTIR --- triple-negative breast cancer --- fatty acid synthase --- FASN inhibition --- polyphenolic FASN inhibitors --- (?)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate --- synthetic analogues --- apoptosis --- anticancer activity --- 1H-NMR --- quantitative NMR --- ellagitannin --- Geranium thunbergii --- geraniin --- Aluminum ion --- blue color development --- 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid --- 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin --- Hydrangea macrophylla --- ESI-mass --- metal complex --- Coreopsis lanceolata L. --- chalcone --- flavanone --- flavonol --- aurone --- Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction --- condensed tannin --- bioactivity --- methanogenesis --- grape marc --- fatty acids --- in vitro batch fermentation --- neuroprotection --- PC12 --- NGF --- differentiation --- amyloid-? peptide --- taxanes --- hormesis --- polyphenol --- bamboo leaf extract --- overlay method --- ellagitannin --- structure --- revision --- (?)-epigallocatechin gallate --- immune checkpoint --- interferon-? --- epidermal growth factor --- lung tumor --- proanthocyanidins --- condensed tannins --- thiolysis --- NMR spectroscopy --- ultrahigh-resolution negative mode MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry --- antioxidant --- ORAC assay --- Acacia --- forage legume --- Trapa taiwanensis Nakai --- hydrolysable tannin --- stability --- gallotannin --- ellagitannin