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• Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient that contributes to the proper functioning of over 300 enzymes and multiple biochemical and structural processes in the body. Zinc functions in the regulation of an extensive variety of genes, such as those involved in nucleic acid metabolism, cell signalling, apoptosis, and plays an integral role in immune system functioning. Even a mild Zn deficiency can profoundly affect growth and development, as well as impede immune differentiation and maturation. Zinc is widely distributed in foods, however, it was demonstrated that dietary constituents, such as phytate, polyphenols, and the intestinal microbiome, affect its dietary bioavailability and intestinal absorption. Regulation of zinc metabolism is achieved through a balance of absorption and excretion and involves adaptive mechanisms. The aim of this Special Issue is to explore dietary approaches that aim to improve Zn bioavailability and absorption, biomarkers of status, and the effect of Zn status on the intestinal microbiome.

Zinc --- Biomarkers --- Zinc deficiency --- Bioavailability --- Absorption --- Prebiotics

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Zn electrodeposition in the under- (UPD) and overpotential (OPD) ranges by means of in-situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) was examined, supported by in-situ cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometrie. The underpotential deposition of Zn follows a layer-by-layer growth. For the first time the formation of three successive Zn monolayers has been observed in the UPD range. It has been shown, that the UPD of Zn is complicated due to surface alloying. The same growth mechanism extends from the UPD into OPD range until Al bulk deposition sets in. The UPD of Al at 100 mV vs. Zn/Zn(II) is marked by Moiré pattern formation. For the first time in this system the effective tunneling barrier f has been measured by STS. A first insight into the 2D phase formation of electrodeposited Zn at the electrolyte / electrode interface was obtained from STM images at various times and potentials. Before a coherent layer is formed wormlike structures are observed characteristic of spinodal decomposition. This implies a first order phase transition, which has been resolved here for the first time for 2D electrodeposition.

STM , zinc , electrochemistry , layer growth , spinodal decomposition

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Biometals such as copper, zinc and iron have key biological functions, however, aberrant metabolism can lead to detrimental effects on cell function and survival. These biometals have important roles in the brain, driving cellular respiration, antioxidant activity, intracellular signaling and many additional structural and enzymatic functions. There is now considerable evidence that abnormal biometal homeostasis is a key feature of many neurodegenerative diseases and may have an important role in the onset and progression of disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, prion and motor neuron diseases. Recent studies also support biometal roles in a number of less common neurodegenerative disorders. The role of biometals in a growing list of brain disorders is supported by evidence from a wide range of sources including molecular genetics, biochemical studies and biometal imaging. These studies have spurred a growing interest in understanding the role of biometals in brain function and disease as well as the development of therapeutic approaches that may be able to restore the altered biometal chemistry of the brain. These approaches range from genetic manipulation of biometal transport to chelation of excess metals or delivery of metals where levels are deficient. A number of these approaches are offering promising results in cellular and animal models of neurodegeneration with successful translation to pre-clinical and clinical trials. At a time of aging populations and slow progress in development of neurotherapeutics to treat age-related neurodegenerative diseases, there is now a critical need to further our understanding of biometals in neurodegeneration. This issue covers a broad range of topics related to biometals and their role in neurodegeneration. It is hoped that this will inspire greater discussion and exchange of ideas in this crucial area of research and lead to positive outcomes for sufferers of these neurodegenerative diseases.

Iron --- Zinc --- Copper --- Manganese --- Metals --- Brain --- Neurons --- neurodegenerative disease --- Alzheimer's disease

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue Crystal Chemistry of Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury that was published in Crystals

ZnS --- wurtzite --- elastic --- mechanical --- phonon --- CdS --- elastic --- mechanical --- phonon dispersion --- wurtzite --- high magnetic field --- solidification --- zinc-rich crystal --- characterization --- crystallography --- EBSD --- zinc --- cadmium --- mercury --- oxochromates(VI) --- crystal chemistry --- oxo-centred polyhedra --- copper amalgams --- dental amalgams --- crystal structure --- Ni3Sn structure type --- zinc --- coordination polymer --- bitopic ligand --- crystal structure --- thermal analysis --- luminescence --- 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid --- bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methane --- 1,3-bis(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propane --- crystal engineering --- coordination polymers --- hydrogen bonding --- structural chemistry --- zinc --- cadmium --- dithiocarbamate --- xanthate --- dithiophosphates --- unusual coordination modes --- transmission electron microscopy (TEM) --- traveling heater method --- precipitation --- interface structure --- defects in semiconductors --- CdZnTe --- zinc(II) complexes --- quinaldinic acid --- pyridine --- hydroxyl group --- crystal structure --- hydrogen bond --- room-temperature solid state reaction --- zinc complex --- index of X-ray powder diffraction data --- precursor --- nanometer zinc oxide --- ZnO nanorod arrays --- aqueous solution method --- growth mechanism --- PL spectra

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Dietary trace minerals are pivotal and hold a key role in numerous metabolic processes. Trace mineral deficiencies (except for iodine, iron, and zinc) do not often develop spontaneously in adults on ordinary diets; infants are more vulnerable because their growth is rapid and their intake varies. Trace mineral imbalances can result from hereditary disorders (e.g., hemochromatosis, Wilson disease), kidney dialysis, parenteral nutrition, restrictive diets prescribed for people with inborn errors of metabolism, or various popular diet plans. The Special Issue “Dietary Trace Minerals” comprised 13 peer-reviewed papers on the most recent evidence regarding the dietary intake of trace minerals, as well as their effect on the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. Original contributions and literature reviews further demonstrated the crucial and central part that dietary trace minerals play in human health and development. This editorial provides a brief and concise overview of the content of the Dietary Trace Minerals Special Issue.

serum iron --- vitamin D --- adolescents --- Arab --- vitamin D supplements --- iron deficiency --- Biofortification --- intestinal morphometry --- gut microbiome --- metagenome --- polyphenols --- iron --- anemia --- biofortification --- beans --- children --- Mexico --- international nutrition --- maize --- iron --- bioavailability --- germ --- Caco-2 --- in vitro digestion --- bioassay --- biofortification --- biotin deficiency --- zinc deficiency --- acrodermatitis enteropathica --- Langerhans cells --- adenosine triphosphate --- silicon --- diet --- plasma --- adults --- hemochromatosis --- iron transport and metabolism --- stress sentinel --- body composition --- cell membrane --- bioimpedance --- copper metabolic system --- copper/silver transport --- silver nanoparticles --- biofortification --- iron deficiency anemia --- iron absorption --- ferritin --- ascorbic acid --- epicatechin --- Phaseolus vulgaris L. --- yellow bean --- cooking time --- iron --- iron bioavailability --- phytate --- polyphenols --- kaempferol 3-glucoside --- Caco-2 cell bioassay --- Gallus gallus --- Nrf2 --- selenium --- iron --- copper --- zinc --- homeostasis --- healthy food --- biofilm --- magnesium ions --- microbial development --- dairy food --- dietary trace minerals --- deficiency --- iron --- zinc --- selenium --- copper --- vitamin D