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X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) deliver intense, coherent, femtosecond laser pulses in the X-ray range. The XFELs are opening two new research fields. One is to study ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in various forms of matter. XFELs can make atoms and electrons in action visible. Another field is to study the non-linear interaction of the unprecedented intense X-ray pulse with matter. XFELs transform matter into its new form in extreme conditions that have never been reached. The present special issue provides an overview of the current status and future direction of the development of XFELs and the research fields opened by XFELs. Featured are reports on the status and plans of all FEL facilities in the world, i.e., FLASH in Germany, LCLS in USA, SACLA in Japan, FERMI in Italy, European XFEL, SwissFEL, PAL-XFEL in Korea, and Shanghai SXFEL in China. Reports are also included on instrumentations and on science at these facilities, as well as on the relevant theory.
X-ray free electron lasers --- X-ray imaging --- electronic dynamics --- structural dynamics --- time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy
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X-ray phase contrast imaging is a highly promising technology for the clinical diagnostic. Particularly high demands are placed on the required X-ray gratings, as the core element of this method. Such gratings can be fabricated using LIGA-technology, where the structured area is currently limited to a few centimeters in the diagonal (e.g. 10 cm). In this work possibilities to enlarge the area of X-ray gratings, as they are required for the Talbot-Lau Interferometry, were developed and analyzed.
Röntgenbildgebung --- Talbot-Lau Interferometrie --- LIGA-Technik --- Röntgengitter --- Kacheln,X-ray imaging --- Talbot-Lau Interferometry --- LIGA-technology --- X-ray gratings --- tiling
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This Special Issue scrutinizes the use of ultrasonic-cavitation melt treatment in technology of high-quality metallic alloys with improved mechanical properties, and assesses the driving mechanisms of cavitation-induced effects, such as grain refinement, degassing, wetting, and particle distribution. In this context, the research published in this Special Issue considers the interaction between the cavitation field and acoustic streaming with the melt flow and the suspended solid/liquid phases, the characterization and mapping of cavitation activity in a melt volume, and the possibility of achieving high efficiency in processing large melt volumes through technological approaches for the commercial implementation of ultrasonic processing technology.
ingot solidification --- L-shaped ceramic sonotrode --- grain refinement --- ultrasonic treatment --- grain refinement --- interdependence model --- aluminium alloys --- magnesium alloys --- zinc --- numerical modelling --- acoustic cavitation --- aluminium --- ultrasonic melt treatment --- non-linear bubble dynamics --- sonoprocessing --- ultrasonic DC casting --- acoustic streaming --- aluminum alloy --- mathematical model --- unsteady flow phenomena --- sump evolution --- mushy zone --- experimental verification --- ultrasonic treatment --- contactless sonotrode --- induction processing --- grain refinement --- ultrasonic bubble clouds --- synchrotron X-ray imaging --- metal solidification --- ultrasound melt processing
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This open access book, edited and authored by a team of world-leading researchers, provides a broad overview of advanced photonic methods for nanoscale visualization, as well as describing a range of fascinating in-depth studies. Introductory chapters cover the most relevant physics and basic methods that young researchers need to master in order to work effectively in the field of nanoscale photonic imaging, from physical first principles, to instrumentation, to mathematical foundations of imaging and data analysis. Subsequent chapters demonstrate how these cutting edge methods are applied to a variety of systems, including complex fluids and biomolecular systems, for visualizing their structure and dynamics, in space and on timescales extending over many orders of magnitude down to the femtosecond range. Progress in nanoscale photonic imaging in Göttingen has been the sum total of more than a decade of work by a wide range of scientists and mathematicians across disciplines, working together in a vibrant collaboration of a kind rarely matched. This volume presents the highlights of their research achievements and serves as a record of the unique and remarkable constellation of contributors, as well as looking ahead at the future prospects in this field. It will serve not only as a useful reference for experienced researchers but also as a valuable point of entry for newcomers.
Spectroscopy and Microscopy --- Biological Microscopy --- Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices --- Computer Imaging, Vision, Pattern Recognition and Graphics --- Nanoscale Science and Technology --- Characterization and Evaluation of Materials --- Spectroscopy --- Life Sciences --- Laser --- Nanophysics --- Characterization and Analytical Technique --- X-ray optics --- X-ray imaging --- Mathematical imaging --- Sub-diffraction optical microscopy --- Multidimensional microscopy --- High resolution spectroscopy --- Lensless imaging --- Time dependent x-ray scattering --- Inverse optical problems --- Nano biophotonics --- DFG funded OA book --- Nanoscale optical imaging --- Nanoscale biological imaging --- Open Access --- Spectrum analysis, spectrochemistry, mass spectrometry --- Scientific equipment, experiments & techniques --- Biology, life sciences --- Optical physics --- Applied optics --- Computer vision --- Nanotechnology --- Testing of materials
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