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Since 2017, the United States has blocked all appointments to the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO), thereby threatening to destroy the WTO's dispute settlement system, one of the most active dispute settlement systems in international law and a central pillar of the multilateral trading system. The United States justifies its blockage with allegations of judicial overreach, claiming that the Appellate Body in its jurisprudence has not complied with the WTO treaties.
Law --- International Law --- WTO Law --- Recht --- Völkerrecht --- WTO-Recht
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In Ruling Capital, Kevin P. Gallagher demonstrates how several emerging market and developing countries (EMDs) managed to reregulate cross-border financial flows in the wake of the global financial crisis, despite the political and economic difficulty of doing so at the national level. Gallagher also shows that some EMDs, particularly the BRICS coalition, were able to maintain or expand their sovereignty to regulate cross-border finance under global economic governance institutions. Gallagher combines econometric analysis with in-depth interviews with officials and interest groups in select emerging markets and policymakers at the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, and the G-20 to explain key characteristics of the global economy.
Economics --- finance --- monetary policy --- IMF --- WTO
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This chapter highlights the relevance of text categorisation for research in legal translation by focusing on institutional translation settings, namely: the European Union (EU), the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), and their corresponding adjudicative bodies.1 After briefly reviewing recurrent issues and models of legal text classification (section 2), a multidimensional approach is applied to the multilingual text production of the three representative institutional translation settings during three years over the span of a decade (2005, 2010 and 2015), as part of the project “Legal Translation in International Institutional Settings: Scope, Strategies and Quality Markers” (LETRINT) (section 3). The resulting subdivisions are integrated into a categorisation matrix and discussed as a way of illustrating the relative nature and implications of text classifications. The fine-grained description of corpus design and representativeness, technical aspects of corpus compilation and full taxonomies of genres are not addressed in this chapter.
legal translation --- institutional translation settings --- EU --- UN --- WTO
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This book seeks to contribute to an understanding of the role played by international trade law in shaping economic outcomes from a theoretical perspective. The focus is on geographical indications (GI), an intellectual property right defined in the TRIPs Agreement of the WTO. The premise is that a GI can be conceptualized as a ‘club asset’: firms that produce GI-labelled goods both add value and derive benefits from the GI. The book starts by presenting a dynamic model of GI reputation under...
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Quantitative partielle- oder allgemeine Gleichgewichtsmodelle stellen in der angewandten Ökonomie ein wichtiges Instrument zur Politikfolgenabschätzung dar. Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht wird an diesen Modellen ihre mangelnde Transparenz sowie ihre Abhängigkeit von empirisch wenig gesicherten Parametern und Annahmen kritisiert. Mittels einer Meta-Analyse werden daher Studien untersucht, welche Politikfolgen der laufenden WTO-Verhandlungen (Doha-Runde) simuliert haben. Als zentrales Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die erhebliche Varianz innerhalb simulierter regionaler Einkommensveränderungen durch vergleichsweise wenige, ermittelbare Variablen zu einem hohen Anteil erklärt werden kann. Die Ergebnisse der Meta-Regression können daher als Orientierungshilfe bei Vergleich und Bewertung existierender sowie zukünftiger Simulationsstudien dienen.
Agrarhandel --- Agrarhandels --- Analyse --- angewandter --- Gleichgewichtsmodell --- Gleichgewichtsmodelle --- Gleichsgew --- Hess --- internationalen --- Meta --- Response Surface --- WTO Doha Runde
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Le Viêt Nam est devenu en janvier 2007 le 150e membre de l’OMC (Organisation mondiale du commerce). Depuis le lancement du « Doi Moi » (Renouveau) intervenu fin 1986, ce pays connaît une croissance économique très rapide, parmi les plus élevées du monde. Le processus d’intégration accélérée du Viêt Nam à l’économie mondiale après plusieurs décennies de guerre et d’isolement, dont l’adhésion à l’OMC représente une étape supplémentaire, joue un rôle majeur dans le développement du pays. Grâce à la croissance, la pauvreté a reculé très rapidement. Même si le Viêt Nam fait partie des pays en développement les moins inégalitaires selon les comparaisons internationales, les inégalités sociales sont en augmentation depuis le début du processus d’ouverture. En quoi l’adhésion du Viêt Nam à l’OMC, qui intervient peu après celle de la Chine (2001), est-elle susceptible d’influer sur le sentier de croissance de l’économie vietnamienne et sur son intégration à l’économie mondiale ? Quel peut être son impact sur l’emploi et sur le processus de restructuration de la population active ? Au-delà, quel impact sur les inégalités et la pauvreté ? Toutes ces questions sont au cœur des débats de politique économique au Viêt Nam. La Table ronde consacrée à « L’adhésion du Viêt Nam à l’OMC ; l’impact sur la croissance et l’emploi », co-organisée en janvier 2008 par l’Ambassade de France au Viêt Nam et l’Académie des Sciences Sociales du Viêt Nam dans le cadre du Fonds de Solidarité Prioritaire (FSP) en Sciences sociales, cherchait à apporter des premiers éléments de réponse à ces questions un an après l’adhésion du pays à l’OMC. Cette synthèse comprend les quatre articles présentés par des chercheurs vietnamiens et français lors de cette Table ronde. Pour enrichir l’analyse, les éléments de réflexion apportés par les deux discutants des communications lors de la Table ronde sont également publiés.
socialism --- Economy --- Industry --- growth --- services --- WTO --- openness --- economic transition --- industrialization --- norms --- international organizations
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) is often accused of, at best, not paying enough attention to human rights or, at worst, facilitating and perpetuating human rights abuses. This book weighs these criticisms and examines their validity, incorporating legal arguments as well as some economic and political science perspectives. After introducing the respective WTO and human rights regimes, and discussing their legal and normative relationship to each other, the book presents a detailed analysis of the main human rights concerns relating to the WTO. These include the alleged democratic deficit within the Organization and the impact of WTO rules on the right to health, labour rights, the right to food, and on questions of poverty and development. Given that some of the most important issues within the WTO concern its impact on poor people within developing States, the book asks whether rich States have an obligation to the people of poorer States to construct a fairer trading system that better facilitates the alleviation of poverty and development. Against this background, the book examines the current Doha round proposals as well as suggestions for reform of the WTO to make it more ‘human rights-friendly’.
world trade organization --- human rights abuses --- development --- wto --- right to health --- poverty --- doha round --- right to food --- labour rights --- human rights regimes
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This study reviews policy developments in recent years and, in the light of that, explores ways in which further consensus might be reached among WTO members to reduce farm trade distortions — and thereby also progress the multilateral trade reform agenda. Particular attention is given to ways that would boost well-being in developing countries, especially for those food-insecure households still suffering from poverty and hunger.
global farm trade reform --- food supplies --- uruguay round agreement --- open agricultural trade --- kym anderson --- farm trade --- climate change --- trade policy reform --- wto --- food security --- trade faciliation agreement
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The One Health concept recognizes that the health of humans, animals, and their ecosystems are interconnected, and that a coordinated, collaborative, multidisciplinary, and cross-sectoral approach is necessary to fully understand and respond to potential or existing risks that originate at the animal–human–ecosystems interfaces. Thus, the One Health concept represents a holistic vision for addressing some of the complex challenges that threaten human and animal health, food safety, and the environments in which diseases flourish. There are many examples showing how the health of humans is related to the health of animals and the environment. Diseases shared between humans and animals are zoonoses. Some zoonoses have been known for many years, whereas others have emerged suddenly and unexpectedly. Over 70% of all new emerging diseases over the past few decades have been zoonoses that have emerged from wildlife, most often from bats, rodents, or birds. Examples of zoonoses are many and varied, ranging from rabies to bovine tuberculosis, and from Japanese encephalitis to SARS. Clearly, a One Health approach is essential for understanding their ecology, and for outbreak response and the development of control strategies. However, the One Health concept and approach is much broader than zoonoses; it extends to including antimicrobial resistance, food safety, and environmental health and, consequently, impacts on global health security, economic wellbeing, and international trade. It is this breadth of One Health that connects the papers in this Special Issue.
Clostridium difficile --- Asia --- epidemiology --- One Health --- C. burnetii --- Q fever --- Australia --- pyrogenicity --- guinea pigs --- One Health --- antibiotics --- antimicrobials --- antimicrobial resistance --- environment --- water --- infrastructure --- Australia --- emerging disease --- international health regulations --- Joint External Evaluation (JEE) --- One Health --- Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) --- surveillance --- wildlife --- zoonosis --- Japanese encephalitis virus --- zoonosis --- mosquito --- transmission --- Australia --- Australian bat lyssavirus --- microbats --- Western Australia --- serology --- Luminex --- real-time PCR --- AMR --- One Health --- food chain --- trade --- Codex --- WHO --- World Trade Organization (WTO) --- scrub typhus --- One Health --- incidence --- clinical pattern --- descriptive epidemiology --- vector-borne disease --- emerging disease --- One Health --- zoonoses --- Ebola virus --- emerging infectious diseases --- zoonoses --- prevalence --- Brucella abortus --- urban livestock keeping --- smallholder farming --- n/a --- influenza --- swine --- Australia --- human --- pandemic
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