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This book is the result of the first two-year work of Working Group 1 of the network “LUDI – Play for children with disabilities”. LUDI is an Action (2014-2018) financed by COST; it is a multidisciplinary network of more than 30 countries and almost 100 researchers and practitioners belonging to the humanistic and technological fields to study the topic of play for children with disabilities within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (WHO, 2001).The principal objective of this book is to bring the LUDI contribution to the important topic of play in children with disabilities, because today an international consensus on the definition of play and disabilities is still lacking. The process of ensuring equity in the exercise of the right to play for children with disabilites requests three actions: to approach this topic through a “common language”, at least all over Europe; to put play at the centre of the multidisciplinary research and intervention regarding the children with disabilities; to grant this topic the status of a scientific and social theme of full visibility and recognized authority. Children with disabilities face several limitations in play, due to several reasons: impairments; playgrounds, toys and other play tools that are not accessible and usable; environments and contexts that are not accessible nor inclusive; lack of educational awareness and intentionality; lack of specific psycho-pedagogical and rehabilitative competence; lack of effective intervention methodologies. Moreover, disabled children’s lives are dominated by medical and rehabilitative practices in which play is always an activity aiming to reach an objective or to provoke an improvement; play for the sake of play is considered a waste of time. The concept of play for the sake of play strongly refers to the distinction between play activities and play-like activities. Play activities are initiated and carried out by the player (alone, with peers, with adults, etc.) for the only purpose of play itself (fun and joy, interest and challenge, love of race and competition, ilinx and dizziness, etc.). They have of course consequences on growth and development, but these consequences are not intentionally pursued. Play-like activities are initiated and conducted by an adult (with one or more children), in educational, clinical, social contexts; they are playful and pleasant, but their main objective is other than play: e.g., cognitive learning, social learning, functional rehabilitation, child's observation and assessment, psychological support, psychotherapy, etc. This book, then, contributes to a clear distinction between play and play-like activities that, hopefully, will bring to new developments in play studies.

Play for the sake of play, Inclusion, Impairment, Children's rights, Special education, Early intervention, Occupational Therapy, Environmental factors, Toys

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Increasingly, technology is at stake in toys, games and playing. With the immense popularity of computer games, questions concerning the role and function of technology in play have become more pressing. A key aspect of the increasing technologization and digitalization of both toys and play is the vagueness of borders between producers, consumers and players. In these so-called participatory cultures, players do not simply play with toys designed behind closed doors but become co-designers. This book takes a critical look at the advantages and disadvantages of participatory cultures and places the changing world of toys, games and playing in a historical context. Contrary to many New Media and computer game studies, this book takes the historical background of these phenomena into account by situating the changing world of play in the context of the social and cultural processes of commodification, domestication and urbanization from the 1850s to the present.

toys --- wetenschap algemeen --- computer games --- cultuur and geschiedenis --- participatory cultures --- culture and history --- motion pictures --- film --- popular science --- many-to-many cultures

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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines the term “speciation” as the distribution of an element amongst defined chemical species in a system, while the process leading to quantitative estimation of the content of different species is called speciation analysis. The chemical speciation of elements in natural waters and biological fluids is a key topic, essential for discussing the chemical reactivity of constituents in these systems. It is well understood that it is the chemical form of a metal or metalloids that determines its reactivity, lifetime, and fate in the environment. Chemical speciation now involves various sectors of the sciences, from chemistry to biology, biochemistry, and environmental sciences, since—as is well known—the total concentration, alone, of an inorganic or organic component (metal or ligand) in a multicomponent natural system (fresh water, sea water, biological fluids, soil, etc.) is insufficient for a comprehensive understand of its behavior in those contests.

pesticide --- honeybee --- risk --- field --- chromium speciation --- hazardous elements --- toys safety --- migration --- ICP-MS --- arsenic --- mercury --- selenium --- antimony --- speciation analysis --- hyphenated technique --- alcoholism --- alcoholic liver disease --- iron --- magnesium --- copper --- manganese --- deficiency --- aluminum --- silicon --- ICP-OES --- trace elements --- brain trace element concentration --- brain toxicity --- Melissa officinalis --- herbs --- heavy metals interactions --- photosynthesis indicators --- HR-CS FAAS --- speciation --- amyloid-? --- Zn2+ --- affinity --- speciation --- biomimetic complexes --- evolved gas analysis --- TI-EGA-MS --- peptide hydroxamic acids --- solution equilibrium --- metal complexation --- Ru(II)-, Rh(III)-based half-sandwich complexes --- Mo(VI) complexes --- 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone --- speciation --- acid–base properties --- extended Debye–Hückel --- Zn-complexation --- specific ion interaction theory --- van’t Hoff equation --- sequestering ability --- epinephrine --- toxic cations --- enthalpy and entropy changes --- dependence on ionic strength --- sequestering ability --- n/a