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The feeling of grief and other emotions victims of a crime may face are not limited to certain stages in the criminal proceeding and do not necessarily end with conviction and imprisonment of the offender. Disregarding the needs of the victim, the German penal system generally focuses only on offenders and the need to reintegrate them into society. By implementing laws concerning restorative justice programs in the prison system the German legislator seeks to dissolve this apparent contradiction. During this international conference both practitioners and scholars depicted existing restorative justice programs and outlined their legal framework. It became apparent that the reintegration of criminal offenders and additional considerations of victim interests do not necessarily exclude each other but, to the contrary, may even complement one another.

restorative justice program --- reintegration --- victim interests

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Even for violent crime, justice should mean more than punishment. By paying close attention to the relational harms suffered by victims, this book develops a concept of relational justice for survivors, offenders and community. Relational justice looks beyond traditional rules of legal responsibility to include the social and emotional dimensions of human experience, opening the way for a more compassionate, effective and just response to crime. The book’s chapters follow a journey from victim experiences of violence to community healing from violence. Early chapters examine the relational harms inflicted by the worst wrongs, the moral responsibility of wrongdoers and common mistakes made in judging wrongdoing. Particular attention is paid here to sexual violence. The book then moves to questions of just punishment: proper sentencing by judges, mandatory sentences approved by the public, and the realities of contemporary incarceration, focusing particularly on solitary confinement and sexual violence. In its remaining chapters, the book looks at changes brought by the victims' rights movement and victim needs that current law does not, and perhaps cannot meet. It then addresses possibilities for offender change and challenges for majority America in addressing race discrimination in criminal justice. The book concludes with a look at how individuals might live out the ideals of a greater—relational—justice.

Collective responsibility --- Crime --- Criminal justice reform --- Individual responsibility --- Justice --- Mass incarceration --- Punishment --- Racial bias --- Restorative justice --- Violence