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In the early 1990s, a wave of democratisation swept the African continents, resulting in a flurry of constitution-making and constitutional revision. Two decades later, leading experts in the fields of public law, political sciemnce and democratisation studies assess to what extent accountable governance has takenroot in Africa. this book represesents new knowldge about legal and political developments in a number of African countries - Ghana, Malawi, Mali, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia, with further references to Mozambique, Kenya and Swaziland - bringing the policy goal of developing and deepening democratic governance and accountable government on the continent up to date.

Political Science --- Public law --- political studies --- Africa --- governance --- constitution-making --- Ghana --- Malawi --- Mali --- South Africa --- Tanzania --- Uganda --- Zambia

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Optimal nutrition is important during pregnancy and lactation for the health of both the mother and infant. Chronic deficiencies of both macronutrients and micronutrients are well established in developing countries. Although in developed countries overconsumption of macronutrients is a major issue, micronutrient deficiencies which occur concomitantly are no less of a concern. Furthermore in developed countries there is also the risk of excessive micronutrient intake from dietary supplements. Micronutrients have a role in fetal and neonatal health and also health in later life. Micronutrient deficiency or toxicity during pregnancy or early life can permanently affect developing tissues, resulting in adverse growth and development of the infant which is associated with chronic diseases in adulthood. An aberrant micronutrient intake during pregnancy or lactation can also have detrimental effect on the mother both in the neonatal period and in later life.

iodine --- supplements --- pregnant --- lactating --- women of reproductive age --- pregnancy --- dietary intakes --- energy intakes --- supplements --- dietary reference intakes (DRIs) --- pregnancy --- vitamin D --- gestational duration --- birth cohort --- prenatal iron and folic acid (IFA) supplements --- low birth weight --- maternal anemia --- Malawi --- vitamin D --- neonate anthropometry --- fetal growth --- maternal --- infant --- body mass index --- gestational diabetes --- placenta --- folic acid --- selenium --- pregnancy --- lactation --- breastfeeding --- infants --- linear programming --- food-based recommendations --- Optifood --- micronutrient --- deficiency --- dietary intake --- pregnant --- lactation --- women --- elemental metabolomics --- trace elements --- pregnancy --- micronutrition --- serum 25-OHD --- pregnancy --- developmental origins of health and disease --- bone health

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Human needs like food and clean water are directly related to good maintenance of healthy and productive soils. A good understanding of human impact on the natural environment is therefore necessary to preserve and manage soil and water resources. This knowledge is particularly important in semi-arid and arid regions, where the increasing demands on limited water supplies require urgent efforts to improve water quality and water use efficiency. It is important to keep in mind that both soil and water are limited resources. Thus, wise use of these natural resources is a fundamental prerequisite for the sustainability of human societies. This book collects 15 original scientific contributions addressing the state of the art of soil and water conservation research. Contributions cover a wide range of topics, including (1) recovery of soil hydraulic properties; (2) erosion risk; (3) novel modeling, monitoring and experimental approaches for soil hydraulic characterization; (4) improvement of crop yields; (5) water availability; and (6) soil salinity. This collection provides more insights into conservation strategies for effective and sustainable soil and water management.

soil moisture storage --- van Genuchten model --- distributed model --- Xin’anjiang model --- TOPMODEL --- bimsoils --- critical hydraulic gradient (CHG) --- response surface methodology --- multi-parameter evaluation --- laboratory experiment --- soil block --- subsurface flow --- macropore network --- spatial scale --- polyurethane foam --- hillslope --- soil water content --- field observation --- three-dimensional model --- numerical model --- delta plain --- shallow groundwater --- unsaturated soil --- Richards equation --- the Trefftz method --- transient --- the meshless method --- vineyards --- infiltration rate --- age of planting --- saturated hydraulic conductivity --- Malawi --- conservation agriculture --- peer effects --- decision tree modeling --- olive grove --- sap flow --- relative transpiration --- FDR sensor --- EM38 --- fraction transpiration soil water --- transdisciplinary research --- Follow-the-Innovation --- innovation development --- electromagnetic induction meter (EM) --- The Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) software --- AquaCrop --- cereals --- DSSAT --- field scattering --- food security --- microdose fertilization --- rainfall variability --- tied ridges --- upgrading strategies --- soil properties --- saturated soil hydraulic conductivity --- soil infiltration --- Beerkan method --- post-fire soil hydraulic characterization --- infiltration --- bottomless bucket method --- single-ring infiltrometer --- field-saturated soil hydraulic conductivity --- data analysis procedures --- environmental change --- local perception --- food security --- adaptation --- soil tillage --- tillage erosion --- seedbed preparation --- water infiltration --- nitrogen use efficiency --- specific leaf water content --- vegetable production --- soil --- yield --- water and soil conservation --- sustainable land management --- soil erosion --- soil water storage --- water infiltration --- water availability --- crop yields