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Innovation is increasingly based on distributed knowledge sources, given that firms often do not possess all competencies necessary for fundamental innovations. Hence, the manner in which firms organize the access to external knowledge and make use of this knowledge in internal innovation processes is crucial for the success of innovation. Learning processes have to be organized across organizational, spa¬tial, functional, and disciplinary boundaries – in particular with regard to colla¬bo¬ra¬tion between knowledge producing and knowledge using firms, suppliers, clients, diverse knowledge based service providers, or research and development centers and universities. The crucial point is how external knowledge gathered in these collaborations can be used within the organization. At this juncture, a specific recontextualization prob¬lem arises for firms, because the successful adoption of externally created knowledge depends on shared experiences of actors and the specific context of the organization where the knowledge has been created. Therefore, externally created knowledge whichmay be incorporated into routines, products, services, and documents has to be (re–)contextualized and recombined using context specific and subjective ex¬pe¬riences, perceptions, and capabilities of the involved actors. It is the solution of re¬contextualization problems that poses the particular challenge of collaborative in¬no¬vation processes. The research project »Collaborative Innovations« (COLLIN) started from the assumption that hierarchical, market, network, and community based forms of go¬vernance play a crucial role for the adoption of external knowledge. Due to their different characteristics with regard to the access to the formation process of the external knowledge as well as the proprietary use of the acquired knowledge the respective governance forms facilitate different ways of dealing with external know¬ledge in collaborative innovation processes.

Innovation

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This seminal book has become essential reading for students taking courses in technology management and innovation, and for managers who are responsible for strategic planning. The author shows how the initiative to innovate can come not only form a manufacturer, but also from suppliers, and customers. The author calls these lead users , and the term has come into the business lexicon. A video course based on the book was produced by the MIT TV department and has been distributed to many business schools. The Sources of Innovation has become essential to an understanding of how and where technological innovation takes place. For the first time, the book shows how the assumption that technological innovation is generated by manufacturers is inaccurate. Innovation takes place where it creates the most value, and that can be in a variety of locations, from suppliers to end users. Understanding this fact can facilitate the innovation process, leading to faster and better processes and products.

source of innovation --- innovation

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Over the past decade, efforts been have intensified to establish a viable location for modern biotechnologies in the Hamburg region. The growing intensity of Hamburg's biotechnological support can be seen as a reflection on the drastic slump of newly founded biotechnology companies that took place in previous years. Numerous companies disappeared from the scene after a short period of time despite good concepts and good technologies. Against this background the lecture series "Strategies of Biotechnological Innovation" was held in the winter semester 2004/2005 at the Research Center for Biotechnology, Society and Environment (BIOGUM) of the University of Hamburg. Its aim was to examine the possibilities, problems and limitations of innovation management from different perspectives. The texts of this volume are based on lectures given by the contributors in the context of this lecture series.

biotechnology --- innovation --- technology policy --- innovation policy

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The term “Cyberlearning” is used in the United States to describe a community of researchers, largely funded by the US National Science Foundation, who are exploring the integration of computer science research with learning sciences research. The Cyberlearning community is parallel to the EC-TEL community and the purpose of this poster is to foster mutual engagement between the communities. The paper describes the origin of the term, the conception of the field, the kinds of research being conducted, and some of the exemplary projects. The paper will also introduce the Center for Innovative Research in Cyberlearning (CIRCL), which is the hub of the knowledge network (research community) for cyberlearning and hosts a useful collection of resources.

innovation --- learning --- technology

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Les méthodes agricoles innovantes ont été introduites par un petit nombre de précurseurs. Quels sont ces hommes et ces femmes qui ont composé cette élite ? Quelles sont leurs motivations ? Ces questions ont fait l’objet d’un programme de recherche réalisé à l’université du Maine entre 2004 et 2008 au sein du Centre de recherches historiques de l’Ouest (CERHIO, UMR 6258). Il a bénéficié d’une large ouverture internationale grâce aux participations aux conférences de l’European Social Science History. L’aire géographique concernée couvre les pays où règne un cadre de pensée similaire : Europe occidentale et centrale, Amérique du Nord et centrale. Par le champ chronologique couvert, du XVIe au XXe siècle, l’ouvrage réussit à donner une définition dynamique des élites impliquées dans le progrès. Les quatorze études présentées ici montrent que la composition de ces élites s’est peu à peu élargie, sous l’effet de nouvelles conceptions. La bonne gestion du domaine était un enjeu personnel pour le propriétaire, elle est ensuite devenue un enjeu collectif par une volonté de diffusion universelle des nouvelles techniques. Les études s’interrogent aussi sur le rôle si controversé des élites traditionnelles et sur le poids des forces économiques, l’influence du marché ; pour cela, elles essaient de décrypter les mythes et les prismes de l’historiographie du XXe siècle.

élite --- progrès --- agriculture --- innovation