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Global forest communities cover only about 30% of land areas, but they provide important ecosystem services, such as watershed protection, carbon sequestration, and oxygen production, as well as renewable forest products for human subsistence and markets. Forests also support the majority of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity. Although land conversion for agriculture and pastureland has historically resulted in fragmentation and declining forested areas, forests worldwide are now experiencing change at an unprecedented rate due to various anthropogenic activities and growing human populations. Global warming trends are altering snowpack and hydrology, fostering outbreaks of native forest pests, and accelerating the loss of older tree age classes. Modeling suggests that future fire regimes in temperate regions will have shorter return intervals, with more severe wildfires. In addition, a by-product of trade and travel globalization has been the accelerated transport of plants and animals, and plant and animal diseases, around the world. Exotic species have altered community composition, especially where foundation tree species are affected. Every forest community worldwide is challenged by some of these problems. In this Special Issue of the journal Forests we explore the unique biodiversity supported by forest communities, how forest communities are rapidly changing, and conservation approaches to preserving forest biodiversity.

global warming --- exotic species --- biodiversity --- conservation --- restoration

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There has been an epochal shift: the possibility of a global climate crisis is now upon us. Pollution, the poison of pesticides, the exhaustion of natural resources, falling water tables, growing social inequalities – these are all problems that can no longer be treated separately. The effects of global warming have a cumulative impact, and it is not a matter of a crisis that will “pass” before everything goes back to “normal.” Our governments are totally incapable of dealing with the situation. Economic warfare obliges them to stick to the goal of irresponsible, even criminal, economic growth, whatever the cost. It is no surprise that people were so struck by the catastrophe in New Orleans. The response of the authorities – to abandon the poor whilst the rich were able to take shelter – is a symbol of the coming barbarism.

pesticides --- global climate crisis --- falling water tables --- pollution --- growing social inequalities --- global warming --- exhaustion of natural resources

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"Hope this - action begins" - this is the motto of the new global environmental movement "Extinction Rebellion" (XR). XR wants to make us all aware of finally taking radical measures against the gigantic species extinction and climate catastrophe. This book features XR activists who explain XR claims, XR principles & values ​​and XR actions from their own point of view. This is intended to encourage readers to engage with this movement and its goals. XR means rebellion for life.

Climate Change --- Species Extinction --- Global Warming --- Extinction Rebellion --- Revolution, Climate Protection --- Climate Ermergency --- Democracy --- Environmental Policy --- Nature --- Politics --- Civil Society --- Social Movements --- Political Science --- Klimawandel --- Artensterben --- Global Warming --- Extinction Rebellion --- Revolution --- Klimaschutz --- Klimanotstand --- Democracy --- Umweltpolitik --- Natur --- Politik --- Zivilgesellschaft --- Soziale Bewegungen --- Politikwissenschaft

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The cryosphere is very sensitive to climate change, and glaciers represent one of the most important archives of atmospheric composition and its variability. From the Himalaya to the European Alps, the longest mid-latitude mountain chain in the world, lie thousands of glaciers that have collected atmospheric compounds over the last millennia. China and Italy are located at the opposite terminals of this long mountain chain, comprising strategic positions for understanding climate evolution and providing important information for the modeling of future climates. The results presented are highlights of some of the most recent advances in cryospheric studies, especially on the topic of mineral dust and aerosols in the atmosphere. They evidence the complexity of the chemical–physical processes involving solid compounds occurring in glacier, snow, and permafrost environments, covering different aspects such as spatial and temporal trends, as well as the impact of mineral and nonmineral particles. Results also show that recent advances in measurement techniques and source apportionment may be powerful and sophisticated tools to provide novel, high-quality scientific information.

Arctic --- Arctic rapid warming --- global warming hiatus --- global warming slowdown --- particulate matter --- simultaneous measurements --- mineral elements --- compositional data analysis --- ultra-dilution --- droplets --- water --- evaporation --- X-ray fluorescence --- cryoconite --- POPs --- microbiology --- long-range transport --- cryosphere --- contaminants --- bacteria --- atmospheric mineral dust --- ice core --- Antarctica --- paleoclimate --- synchrotron radiation --- X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy --- X-ray fluorescence --- iron geochemistry --- synchrotron radiation --- X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy --- X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy --- trace elements --- cryospheric sciences --- snow --- ice --- dust --- TXRF --- polycapillary optics --- low concentration elemental analysis --- mineral dust --- XANES --- paleoclimatology --- ice cores --- southern hemisphere --- Laohugou glacier --- snow --- insoluble dust --- iron speciation --- XANES and LCF --- XAS spectroscopy --- synchrotron radiation --- environment --- synchrotron radiation --- ice core, atmospheric mineral dust --- X-ray absorption spectroscopy

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Hydrological extremes have become a major concern because of their devastating consequences and their increased risk as a result of climate change and the growing concentration of people and infrastructure in high-risk zones. The analysis of hydrological extremes is challenging due to their rarity and small sample size, and the interconnections between different types of extremes and becomes further complicated by the untrustworthy representation of meso-scale processes involved in extreme events by coarse spatial and temporal scale models as well as biased or missing observations due to technical difficulties during extreme conditions. The complexity of analyzing hydrological extremes calls for robust statistical methods for the treatment of such events. This Special Issue is motivated by the need to apply and develop innovative stochastic and statistical approaches to analyze hydrological extremes under current and future climate conditions. The papers of this Special Issue focus on six topics associated with hydrological extremes: Historical changes in hydrological extremes; Projected changes in hydrological extremes; Downscaling of hydrological extremes; Early warning and forecasting systems for drought and flood; Interconnections of hydrological extremes; Applicability of satellite data for hydrological studies.

rainfall --- monsoon --- high resolution --- TRMM --- drought prediction --- APCC Multi-Model Ensemble --- seasonal climate forecast --- machine learning --- sparse monitoring network --- Fiji --- drought analysis --- ANN model --- drought indices --- meteorological drought --- SIAP --- SWSI --- hydrological drought --- discrete wavelet --- global warming --- statistical downscaling --- HBV model --- flow regime --- uncertainty --- reservoir inflow forecasting --- artificial neural network --- wavelet artificial neural network --- weighted mean analogue --- variation analogue --- streamflow --- artificial neural network --- simulation --- forecasting --- support vector machine --- evolutionary strategy --- heavy storm --- hyetograph --- temperature --- clausius-clapeyron scaling --- climate change --- the Cauca River --- climate variability --- ENSO --- extreme rainfall --- trends --- statistical downscaling --- random forest --- least square support vector regression --- extreme rainfall --- polynomial normal transform --- multivariate modeling --- sampling errors --- non-normality --- extreme rainfall analysis --- statistical analysis --- hydrological extremes --- stretched Gaussian distribution --- Hurst exponent --- INDC pledge --- precipitation --- extreme events --- extreme precipitation exposure --- non-stationary --- extreme value theory --- uncertainty --- flood regime --- flood management --- Kabul river basin --- Pakistan --- extreme events --- innovative methods --- downscaling --- forecasting --- compound events --- satellite data