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En 2015, le poids économique direct de la culture, c’est-à-dire la valeur ajoutée de l’ensemble des branches culturelles, est de 43 milliards d’euros. La part de la culture dans l’ensemble de l’économie (2,2 %) est en baisse et représente la valeur minimale de ce poids en vingt ans. À titre de comparaison, la branche hébergement et restauration réalise une valeur ajoutée de 55 milliards d’euros en 2015. Par rapport à 2008, la croissance des branches culturelles est nulle, ce qui s’explique par les différentes crises structurelles touchant l’architecture (- 2,3 % par an depuis 2008), la presse et le livre (respectivement - 2,1 % et - 1,7 % par an) ainsi que les agences de publicité (- 1,5 % par an). À l’inverse, certains secteurs sont en pleine croissance, notamment l’audiovisuel (+ 1,7 % par an) et le patrimoine (+ 2,8 % par an). L’audiovisuel et le spectacle vivant restent les deux premières branches culturelles en termes de poids économique et représentent, ensemble, 44 % de la valeur ajoutée des branches culturelles. Conséquence de cette croissance en berne, l’emploi culturel continue de baisser (- 3,6 % par rapport à 2014) et passe sous les 600 000 emplois. Depuis 2011, les branches culturelles ont perdu 80 000 emplois.

economic impact

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Economic policy; Economic integration; Foreign economic relations; Pacific area

economic integration --- pacific area --- economic policy --- foreign economic relations

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This paper scrutinizes the insights won by recent studies in wealth inequality in pre-industrial Europe. It focuses on the regions and periods where levels of inequality were relatively low, trying to arrive at an inventory of causes of these exceptions. It discusses catastrophic events, colonization and revolution as possible causes, but argues that these only occasionally had a leveling effect, depending on the social and institutional context in which they occurred. Most clearly wealth accumulation was restricted, even by maximums on ownership, where associative organizations held a solid position, and market and state played lesser roles as coordination systems.

Economic inequality --- economic history --- European economic history --- pre-industrial age

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China’s change to a new model of growth, now called the ‘new normal’, was always going to be hard. Events over the past year show how hard it is. The attempts to moderate the extremes of high investment and low consumption, the correction of overcapacity in the heavy industries that were the mainstays of the old model of growth, the hauling in of the immense debt hangover from the fiscal and monetary expansion that pulled China out of the Great Crash of 2008 would all have been hard at any time. They are harder when changes in economic policy and structure coincide with stagnation in global trade and rising protectionist sentiment in developed countries, extraordinarily rapid demographic change and recognition of the urgency of easing the environmental damage from the old model. China’s economy has slowed and there are worries that the authorities will not be able to contain the slowdown within preferred limits. This year’s Update explores the challenge of the slowdown in growth and the change in economic structure. Leading experts on China’s economy and environment review change within China’s new model of growth, and its interaction with ageing, environmental pressure, new patterns of urbanisation, and debt problems at different levels of government. It illuminates some new developments in China’s economy, including the transformational potential of internet banking, and the dynamics of financial market instability. China’s economic development since 1978 is full of exciting change, and this year’s China Update is again the way to know it as it is happening

economic growth --- environmental management --- economic management --- china

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The Cult of the Market: Economic Fundamentalism and its Discontents disputes the practical value of the shallow, all-encompassing, dogmatic, economic fundamentalism espoused by policy elites in recent public policy debates, along with their gross simplifications and sacred rules. Economics cannot provide a convincing overarching theory of government action or of social action more generally. Furthermore, mainstream economics fails to get to grips with the economic system as it actually operates. It advocates a more overtly experimental, eclectic and pragmatic approach to policy development which takes more seriously the complex, interdependent, evolving nature of society and the economy. Importantly, it is an outlook that recognises the pervasive influence of asymmetries of wealth, power and information on bargaining power and prospects throughout society. The book advocates a major reform of the teaching of economics.

economics --- economic policy