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This annual yearbook presents essays in environmental history based on lectures given at the Göttingen study group “Environmental History” by external authors. As previous yearbooks it is dedicated to the plurality of approaches in environmental history and serves as a valuable source for information about current research in that realm.

Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Environmentalist thought and ideology --- Conservation of the environment… --- Social impact of environmental issues

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Aquatic ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and home to a diverse array of species and habitats, providing a wide variety of benefits to human beings. Many of these valuable ecosystems are at risk of being irreversibly damaged by human activities and pressures, including pollution, contamination, invasive species, overfishing and climate change. Such pressures threaten the sustainability of these ecosystems, their provision of ecosystem services and ultimately human well-being. Ecosystem-based management (EBM) is now widely considered the most promising paradigm for balancing sustainable development and biodiversity protection, and various international strategies and conventions have championed the EBM cause and the inclusion of ecosystem services in decision-making. This open access book introduces the essential concepts and principles required to implement ecosystem-based management, detailing tools and techniques, and describing the application of these concepts and tools to a broad range of aquatic ecosystems, from the shores of Lough Erne in Northern Ireland to the estuaries of the US Pacific Northwest and the tropical Mekong Delta.

Freshwater & Marine Ecology --- Ecosystems --- Biodiversity --- Freshwater and Marine Ecology --- Aquatic Biodiversity --- Azores --- Danube River --- Ecosystem Based Management --- Ecosystem Services --- Mediterranean Biosphere Reserve --- Vouga Estuary --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Hydrobiology

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This open access book presents and analyzes the results of more than 30 years of long-term ecological research in riparian forest ecosystems with the aim of casting light on changes in the dynamics of riparian forests over time. The research, focusing on the Ooyamazawa riparian forest, one of the remaining old-growth forests in Japan, has yielded a number of interesting outcomes. First, it shows that large-scale disturbances afford various trees opportunities for regeneration and are thus the driving force for the coexistence of canopy trees in riparian forests. Second, it identifies changes in reproductive patterns, highlighting that seed production has in fact quantitatively increased over the past two decades. Third, it describes the decline in forest floor vegetation caused by deer grazing and reveals how this decline has affected bird and insect populations. The book illustrates the interconnectedness of phenomena within an ecosystem and the resultant potential for cascade effects and also stresses the need for long-term ecological studies of climate change impacts on forests. It will be of interest to both professionals and academics in the field of forest science.

Ecology --- Forestry --- Plant Ecology --- Ecosystems --- Environment, general --- Riparian Ecology --- Environmental Sciences --- Changes in forest vegetation --- Long-term ecological research --- Life history of trees --- Riparian forest --- Natural disturbance --- Masting behavior --- Forest decline --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Forestry & silviculture: practice & techniques --- Botany & plant sciences --- The environment

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This Open Access book introduces readers to the regional geology of Hanggai, Xianxia and Chuancun, the area between China's northern Zhejiang Province and southern Anhui Province and explores the strata, magmatic rocks and tectonic structures in 1:50,000 scale geological maps. Based on studies of multiple stratigraphic divisions, the standard stratigraphic section of the upper Ordovician Hirnantian in the lower Yangtze region is established, revealing for the first time numerous “Burgess Shale-type” sponge fossils in Hirnantian strata and identifying 10 grapholite fossil belts and various fossil categories, including chitin, trilobites, gastropods, brachiopods, and cephalopods. Moreover, the book identifies for the first time Late Ordovician volcanic events in northern Zhejiang province. The work represents a major contribution to research on Paleozoic strata in the Lower Yangtze region, and sheds new light on understanding the Hirnantian glacial event and biological extinction event in South China by providing a high-precision time scale. In addition, the book opens an important avenue for future research on sponge evolution after the Cambrian life explosion. As such, it offers a unique and valuable asset for researchers and graduate students alike.

Geology --- Paleontology --- Paleoecology --- Earth Sciences --- 1:50,000 Regional Geological Survey --- Standard section of Hirnantian --- Lower yangtze region --- Grapholite fossil belts --- Anji sponge fauna --- Late Ordovician volcanic events --- Mesozoic composite plutons --- open acess --- Tianmushan volcano-tectonic depression --- Geology, geomorphology & the lithosphere --- Palaeontology --- Ecological science, the Biosphere

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This open access book offers the first comprehensive account of the pan-genome concept and its manifold implications. The realization that the genetic repertoire of a biological species always encompasses more than the genome of each individual is one of the earliest examples of big data in biology that opened biology to the unbounded. The study of genetic variation observed within a species challenges existing views and has profound consequences for our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning bacterial biology and evolution. The underlying rationale extends well beyond the initial prokaryotic focus to all kingdoms of life and evolves into similar concepts for metagenomes, phenomes and epigenomes. The book’s respective chapters address a range of topics, from the serendipitous emergence of the pan-genome concept and its impacts on the fields of microbiology, vaccinology and antimicrobial resistance, to the study of microbial communities, bioinformatic applications and mathematical models that tie in with complex systems and economic theory. Given its scope, the book will appeal to a broad readership interested in population dynamics, evolutionary biology and genomics.

Microbial Genetics and Genomics --- Evolutionary Biology --- Genetics and Population Dynamics --- Microbial Ecology --- Human Genetics --- Genetics and Genomics --- Comparative genomics --- Metagenomics --- Microbial Population Analysis --- Pangenome Profile --- Supra-Genome Analysis --- Adaptive Evolution --- Computational Tools --- Bioinformatic Genomics --- Core Dispensable Genome --- Selection, Recombination, Composition --- Acquired Resistance --- Bacterial Species Concept --- Genomic Diversity --- Bacterial Ecology, Microevolution --- Open Access --- Pan-metagenomics --- Pan-microbiomics --- Pan-epigenome --- Gene Transfer --- Pan-phenomes --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- Genetics (non-medical) --- Evolution --- Applied mathematics --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- Medical genetics