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The dynamic processes of knowledge production in archaeology and elsewhere in the humanities and social sciences are increasingly viewed as the collaborative effort of groups, clusters and communities of researchers rather than the isolated work of so-called ‘instrumental’ actors. Shifting focus from the individual scholar to the wider social contexts of her work and the dynamic creative processes she participates in, this volume critically examines the importance of informal networks and conversation in the creation of knowledge about the past. Engaging with theoretical approaches such as the sociology and geographies of knowledge and Actor-Network Theory (ANT), and using examples taken from different archaeologies in Europe and North America from the seventeenth to the mid-twentieth century, the book caters to a wide readership, ranging from students of archaeology, anthropology, classics and science studies to the general reader.

Archaeology --- archaeology --- knowledge --- archaeological knowledge --- material culture --- archeology networks --- idea dissemination --- ideas --- knowledge exchange

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Making up Numbers: A History of Invention in Mathematics offers a detailed but accessible account of a wide range of mathematical ideas. Starting with elementary concepts, it leads the reader towards aspects of current mathematical research.The book explains how conceptual hurdles in the development of numbers and number systems were overcome in the course of history, from Babylon to Classical Greece, from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, and so to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The narrative moves from the Pythagorean insistence on positive multiples to the gradual acceptance of negative numbers, irrationals and complex numbers as essential tools in quantitative analysis.Within this chronological framework, chapters are organised thematically, covering a variety of topics and contexts: writing and solving equations, geometric construction, coordinates and complex numbers, perceptions of ‘infinity’ and its permissible uses in mathematics, number systems, and evolving views of the role of axioms.Through this approach, the author demonstrates that changes in our understanding of numbers have often relied on the breaking of long-held conventions to make way for new inventions at once providing greater clarity and widening mathematical horizons. Viewed from this historical perspective, mathematical abstraction emerges as neither mysterious nor immutable, but as a contingent, developing human activity.Making up Numbers will be of great interest to undergraduate and A-level students of mathematics, as well as secondary school teachers of the subject. In virtue of its detailed treatment of mathematical ideas, it will be of value to anyone seeking to learn more about the development of the subject.

mathematical ideas --- development of numbers --- development number systems --- negative numbers --- irrationals numbers --- complex numbers

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La théorie de Darwin aussi bien que sa réception scientifique, littéraire et politique en France continuent d’être matière à débat. Les controverses qu’elle a suscitées à partir de la première traduction française de L’Origine des espèces en 1862 n’ont pas été le seul fait des naturalistes, des géologues ou des paléontologues. De nombreux autres savants se sont préoccupés de l’impact du darwinisme sur leur discipline, notamment en philologie, dans les mathématiques, la linguistique, la psychologie comparée, l’histoire ou la philosophie. Les auteurs des textes réunis dans Darwin au Collège de France montrent que le Collège de France constitue un point de référence idéal pour étudier les idées de Darwin et leur réception ainsi que la manière dont elles ont pu jouer sur la formation des disciplines du milieu du xixe siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Parmi les défenseurs ou les adversaires français du darwinisme, on compte en effet plusieurs de ses professeurs, à commencer par Pierre Flourens, dont l’Examen du livre de M. Darwin (1864) a été l’un des premiers comptes rendus hostiles de L’Origine des espèces. D’autres figurent encore dans la liste : Ernest Renan, Edgar Quinet, Théodule Ribot, Jean-Charles Lévêque, Étienne-Jules Marey, Jean-François Nourrisson, Michel Bréal, Gabriel Tarde, Henri Bergson, Étienne Gilson. À cette liste s’ajoutent les professeurs de biologie, de médecine, de paléontologie, de neurosciences, ou d’économie politique. Le colloque, dont les contributions sur quelques-uns des savants mentionnés ci-dessus sont réunies dans le deuxième volume de la collection « Passage des disciplines », a été organisé par Alain Prochiantz et Antoine Compagnon dans le cadre du projet « Passage des disciplines : Histoire globale du Collège de France, xixe siècle - xxe siècle », qui s’intéresse à l’évolution des matières enseignées aussi bien que celles qui ont n’y ont pas été admises et qui forment un « Collège virtuel », depuis la fin du xviiie siècle jusqu’aux années 1960. Il est dirigé par Antoine Compagnon, avec la collaboration de Céline Surprenant et le soutien financier de PSL (2016-2019), et de la Fondation Hugot.

life sciences --- social sciences --- literary history --- literary criticism --- higher education --- research --- psychology --- history of ideas --- history of sciences --- biology --- philosophy

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With more than 1200 letters the correspondence between August Sauer (1855–1926) and Bernhard Seuffert (1853–1938) is one of the most comprehensive scholarly correspondences of the late 19th and the early 20th century. Their work had a huge impact on the development of the subject ”Neuere deutsche Literaturgeschichte“. The main goal of the project is the presentation of a selection of letters, combined with rich annotations as well as registers for persons and works.

German Philology, History of Science, Austrian Studies, Humanities, History of Ideas --- Deutsche Philologie, Geschichte der Germanistik, Ideengeschichte, Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften, Österreichische Kulturgeschichte

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This open access book explores machine learning and its impact on how we make sense of the world. It does so by bringing together two ‘revolutions’ in a surprising analogy: the revolution of machine learning, which has placed computing on the path to artificial intelligence, and the revolution in thinking about the law that was spurred by Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr in the last two decades of the 19th century. Holmes reconceived law as prophecy based on experience, prefiguring the buzzwords of the machine learning age—prediction based on datasets. On the path to AI introduces readers to the key concepts of machine learning, discusses the potential applications and limitations of predictions generated by machines using data, and informs current debates amongst scholars, lawyers and policy makers on how it should be used and regulated wisely. Technologists will also find useful lessons learned from the last 120 years of legal grappling with accountability, explainability, and biased data.

Science and Technology Studies --- Human Geography --- IT Law, Media Law, Intellectual Property --- Artificial Intelligence --- AI --- Machine learning --- artificial intelligence --- 'big data' --- probability theory --- history of ideas --- legal interpretation --- Transhumanism --- Futurism --- Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr --- Wendell Holmes Jr. --- legal philosophy --- machine bias --- algorithmic bias --- Open Access --- Sociology --- Human geography --- Entertainment & media law --- Artificial intelligence