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Intensive agriculture has generally resulted in higher productivity, but also in a trend towards decreasing levels of agro-biodiversity, which represents a key point in ensuring the adaptability and resilience of agro-ecosystems in the global challenge to produce more and better food in a sustainable way. The biodiversity of vegetable crops includes genetic diversity—both as species diversity (interspecific diversity) and as a diversity of genes within a species (intraspecific diversity) with regard to the vegetable varieties grown—and the diversity of agro-ecosystems (agro-biodiversity). The purpose of this Special Issue is to publish high-quality research papers addressing recent progress and perspectives on different aspects related to the biodiversity of vegetable crops. Original, high-quality contributions that have not yet been published, or that are not currently under review by other journals have been sought. The papers in this Special Issue cover a broad range of aspects and report recent research results regarding agro-biodiversity, which continues to be of significant relevance for both genetic and agricultural applications. All contributions are of significant relevance and could stimulate further research in this area.

artichoke --- ecotype --- virus-sanitation --- meristem-tip culture --- thermotherapy --- crop population --- genetic resources --- genetic variability --- germplasm --- landrace --- ecotypes --- geographical origin area --- HPLC analyses --- long storage time --- Solanum lycopersicum L. --- heirloom --- Crithmum maritimum L. --- domestication --- food safety --- heavy metal --- Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile --- growing substrate --- apulian landraces --- bioactive compounds --- polyphenols --- Tiggiano carrot --- agrobiodiversity --- vegetables --- plant genetic resources --- Italy --- safeguarding --- landraces --- traditional crops --- cultivated vegetables --- neglected and underutilized species --- nutrition --- climate change adaptation --- characterization --- conservation --- databases --- genetic resources --- history --- local varieties --- recovery --- sanitation --- seed bank --- Apium graveolens --- genetic resources --- crop wild relative --- in situ conservation --- microsatellite marker --- genetic distance --- genetic differentiation --- genetic reserve --- cropping patterns --- ecology --- homegardens --- mountain agriculture --- Tanzania --- agriculture --- landraces --- local varieties --- plant genetic resources populations --- wild edible plants