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The global population aged over 60 is set to rise dramatically in the coming decades. In many countries, the older population now faces the prospect of spending a quarter of their lives aged over 65, and a significant proportion will have to cope with cognitive decline associated with normal ageing or with dementia disorders. Given that these fundamental demographic changes will pose a significant challenge to health care systems, a detailed understanding of age-related cognitive and neurobiological changes is essential in helping elderly populations maintain cognitive performance. In addition, developing sensitive biomarkers to identify those at risk of developing dementia is crucial for early and effective interventions. To make inferences about the ageing process from the animal model back to the human, rigorous behavioral paradigms must be used to ensure that the same function is being examined across species. Given that similar navigational paradigms can easily be applied to humans and animals, recent years have seen an expansion of studies attempting to bridge the gap between age-related changes in animal and human spatial cognition. These studies begin to suggest that disruptions in spatial computations are among the earliest indicators of impending cognitive decline. In addition, although many animal studies have identified pathological mechanisms with paradigms involving spatial navigation, these mechanisms support many nonspatial cognitive functions as well. As a consequence, a successful characterization of how spatial processing changes in the ageing brain could reveal fundamental effects of cognitive ageing that could inform about general mechanisms underlying decline in perception, mnemonic processing and multisensory integration.

spatial navigation --- Aging --- Dementia --- Neuroscience --- Animal Models --- Humans

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In this work, an intelligent human-machine interface (HMI) for human worker activity recognition in industrial environments is presented. The interface consists of components for robust and accurate 3D position estimation in workspace environments, the recognition of task-related worker activities and human-computer interaction via gestures. All components of the presented HMI are flexible with respect to applications and can be transferred to other activity recognition problems, as well.

human machine interface, gesture recognition, inertial navigation, activity recognition

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Computer assisted surgery systems intraoperatively support the surgeon by providing information on the location of hidden risk and target structures during surgery. However, soft tissue deformations make intraoperative registration (and thus intraoperative navigation) difficult. In this work, a novel, biomechanics based approach for real-time soft tissue registration from sparse intraoperative sensor data such as stereo endoscopic images is presented to overcome this problem.

intraoperative Navigation, Registrierung, Weichgewebemodellierung, echtzeitfähige finite Elemente, GPU, intraoperative navigation, registration, soft tissue modeling, real-time finite elements, GPU computing

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Nowadays, the technological advances allow developing many applications on different fields. In this book Motion Tracking and Gesture Recognition, two important fields are shown. Motion tracking is observed by a hand-tracking system for surgical training, an approach based on detection of dangerous situation by the prediction of moving objects, an approach based on human motion detection results and preliminary environmental information to build a long-term context model to describe and predict human activities, and a review about multispeaker tracking on different modalities. On the other hand, gesture recognition is shown by a gait recognition approach using Kinect sensor, a study of different methodologies for studying gesture recognition on depth images, and a review about human action recognition and the details about a particular technique based on a sensor of visible range and with depth information.

Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology --- Robotics --- Simultaneous Localization and Mapping --- Robotics Navigation

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Image processing in agriculture and forestry represents a challenge towards the automation of tasks for better performances. Agronomists, computer and robotics engineers, and agricultural machinery industry manufacturers now have at their disposal a book containing a collection of methods, procedures, designs, and descriptions at the technological forefront, which serves as an important support and aid for the implementation and development of their own ideas.The book describes: (1) Applications (canopy on trees, aboveground biomass, phenotyping, chlorophyll, leaf area index, water and nutrient content, land cover change, soil properties, and secure autonomous navigation); (2) Imaging devices onboard robots, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and satellites operating at different spectral ranges (visible, infrared, hyper-multispectral bands, and radar), as well as guidelines for selecting machine vision systems in outdoor environments; and (3) (Specific computer vision methods (generic and convolutional neural networks, machine learning, specific segmentation approaches, vegetation indices, and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction).

agriculture --- forestry --- machine-vision --- image processing --- computer vision --- vegetation index --- aboreground biomass --- leaf area index --- biophysical variables --- autonomous navigation