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This Research Topic commemorates the centenary of the first quantitative pollen diagram by Lennart von Post, the founder of paleoecological palynology. The main aim is to provide a thorough view of the use of palynology in aspects such as the reconstruction of Quaternary vegetation and environmental changes, the role of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the development of the Quaternary vegetation, the shaping of present-day ecological and biogeographical patterns, the potential application of this knowledge in biodiversity conservation and landscape restoration and the development of new methods of pollen analysis and data management. The Research Topic is subdivided into four main conceptual parts, namely (1) modern analog studies; (2) land cover estimates from pollen data; (3) vegetation dynamics reconstructions from Europe, North and South America, Africa and Oceania; and (4) large-scale reviews and meta-analyses. Hopefully, this Research Topic will serve to appraise the state of the art of modern palynology and highlight the usefulness of this discipline in long-term ecological research.

palynology --- vegetation history --- Quaternary --- paleoenvironments --- Paleoclimates --- human disturbance --- Paleoecology --- biogeography --- conservation --- Climate Change

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The research studies included in this Special Issue highlight the fundamental contribution of the knowledge of environmental history to conscious and efficient environment conservation and management. The long-term perspective of the dynamics that govern the human–climate ecosystem is becoming one of the main focuses of interest in biological and earth system sciences. Multidisciplinary bio-geo-archaeo investigations into the underlying processes of human impact on the landscape are crucial to envisage possible future scenarios of biosphere responses to global warming and biodiversity losses. This Special Issue seeks to engage an interdisciplinary dialog on the dynamic interactions between nature and society, focusing on long-term environmental data as an essential tool for better-informed landscape management decisions to achieve an equilibrium between conservation and sustainable resource exploitation.

vegetation cover --- urbanization --- climate change --- NDVI --- cities --- China --- Costa Rica --- mitigation --- carbon neutral --- political tradition --- environment --- army --- peace --- case study --- soil carbon --- grasslands --- livestock --- climate --- native forest --- land use --- land-use intensity --- spatio-temporal pattern --- land-use degree --- human activity intensity --- sustainability --- middle and lower reaches of Shule River Basin --- Horqin Sandy Land --- human-induced --- vegetation change --- RESTREND --- oasis --- landscape change --- agricultural oasis expansion --- Tarim Basin --- mid-mountains --- paleoecology --- Late Holocene --- central Spain --- dike-ponds --- land use changes --- DISP --- Landsat --- Shunde District --- historical land-cover/use change --- land reconstruction --- arable land --- farming radius --- eco-fragile area --- Northeast China --- flood management --- wetland --- land use change --- landscape transformation --- resilience --- late Holocene --- medieval age --- driving forces --- landscape change --- landscape dynamics --- forest landscape --- land use --- land cover --- landscape change index --- land politics --- forestland governance --- African politics --- development --- Côte d’Ivoire --- Deforestation --- pollen --- NPPs --- pasture indicators --- palaeoecology --- archaeological sites --- palaeoenvironmental reconstruction --- southern Italy --- Mediterranean --- n/a