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Climate Change --- Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts --- Climate Change Management and Policy --- Tourism Management --- Environmental Sciences --- Earth System Sciences --- Industries --- Klimawandel --- Tourismus --- Klima --- Mobilität --- Transport --- Fremdenverkehr --- Beherbergungsbetriebe --- Gastronomie --- Outdoor-Aktivitäten --- Wirtschaft --- The environment --- Hospitality, leisure & tourism industries

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This open access book is the proceedings of the International Federation for IT and Travel & Tourism (IFITT)’s 28th Annual International eTourism Conference, which assembles the latest research presented at the ENTER21@yourplace virtual conference January 19–22, 2021. This book advances the current knowledge base of information and communication technologies and tourism in the areas of social media and sharing economy, technology including AI-driven technologies, research related to destination management and innovations, COVID-19 repercussions, and others. Readers will find a wealth of state-of-the-art insights, ideas, and case studies on how information and communication technologies can be applied in travel and tourism as we encounter new opportunities and challenges in an unpredictable world.

Tourism Management --- IT in Business --- Environmental Management --- Cultural Economics --- Open access book --- Augmented reality in tourism --- Virtual reality tourism --- ICT for tourism --- Smart tourism --- IFITT --- ENTER conference --- Hospitality, leisure & tourism industries --- Business mathematics & systems --- Business applications --- Environmental management, --- Economics

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This open access book evaluates, from an economic perspective, various measures introduced in Japan to prevent climate change. Although various countries have implemented such policies in response to the pressing issue of climate change, the effectiveness of those programs has not been sufficiently compared. In particular, policy evaluations in the Asian region are far behind those in North America and Europe due to data limitations and political reasons. The first part of the book summarizes measures in different sectors in Japan to prevent climate change, such as emissions trading and carbon tax, and assesses their impact. The second part shows how those policies have changed the behavior of firms and households. In addition, it presents macro-economic simulations that consider the potential of renewable energy. Lastly, based on these comprehensive assessments, it compares the effectiveness of measures to prevent climate change in Japan and Western countries. Providing valuable insights, this book will appeal to both academic researchers and policymakers seeking cost-effective measures against climate change.

Natural Resource and Energy Economics --- Energy Policy, Economics and Management --- Fossil Fuels (incl. Carbon Capture) --- Natural Resources --- Environmental Economics --- Fossil Fuel --- Solid Earth Sciences --- Open Access --- Carbon Pricing --- Emission Trading Scheme --- Climate Policy --- Paris Agreement --- Carbon Tax --- Carbon Policy in Japan --- Environmental economics --- Energy technology & engineering --- Energy industries & utilities --- Fossil fuel technologies --- Environmental management,

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This open access book questions the stereotype depicting all Gulf (GCC) economies as not sustainable, and starts a critical discussion of what these economies and polities should do to guarantee themselves a relatively stable future. Volatile international oil markets and the acceleration of the energy transition has challenged the notion that oil revenues are sufficient to sustain oil economies in the near to medium term. But what is the meaning of economic sustainability? The book discusses the multiple dimensions of the concept: economic diversification, continuing value of resources, taxation and fiscal development, labor market sustainability, sustainable income distribution, environmental sustainability, political order (democracy or authoritarianism) and sustainability, regional integration. The overarching message in this book is that we should move on from the simplistic branding of the Gulf economies as unsustainable and tackle the details of which adaptations they might need to undertake.

International Political Economy --- Sustainable Development --- Natural Resource and Energy Economics --- Energy Policy, Economics and Management --- Middle Eastern Politics --- Middle Eastern and North African Economics --- International Relations --- Environmental Social Sciences --- Environmental Economics --- Economy-wide Country Studies --- Open Access --- Sustainability of GCC Development --- New Global Oil Order --- Economic sustainability in resource-rich states --- Gulf Economic Diversification and Sustainable Development --- Political Economy of Diversification --- Economic Transformation vs. Diversification --- Oil and Economic Diversification --- Fiscal dimensions of Economic Sustainability --- Labour Market dimensions of Economic Sustainability --- Hydrocarbon Endowment in the Gulf Region --- Normalizing the Saudi Economy --- Inclusive Growth in the Gulf Region --- Saudi Private Sector’s Contribution to Fiscal Sustainability --- Economic Sustainability and the Energy Transition --- Economic Diversification in the MENA --- Peak Oil and the Energy Transition in the MENA --- Economic Diversification Through Energy Sector Reform --- Energy Pricing Reform in the Gulf Region --- Climate Strategy for Producer Countries --- Political economy --- Sustainability --- Environmental economics --- Energy technology & engineering --- Energy industries & utilities --- Politics & government --- Middle East --- Economics