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Decades of research has provided a depth of understanding on the relationships among forests and water, and how these relationships change in response to climate variability, disturbance, and forest management. This understanding has facilitated a strong predictive capacity and the development of best management practices to protect water resources with active management. Despite this understanding, the rapid pace of changes in climate, disturbance regimes, invasive species, human population growth, and land use expected in the 21st century is likely to create substantial challenges for watershed management that may require new approaches, models, and best management practices. These challenges are likely to be complex and large scale, involving a combination of direct effects and indirect biophysical watershed responses, as well as socioeconomic impacts and feedbacks. We explore the complex relationships between forests and water in a rapidly changing environment, examine the trade-offs and conflicts between water and other resources, and examine new management approaches for sustaining water resources in the future.

streamflow, drought, floods, climate change, disturbance regimes, management, water scarcity

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Watershed hydrology is driven by climate forcing, near ground surface characteristics, and human activities, addressing a wide spectrum of environmental and water resource problems regarding both scientific-driven questions and practical engineering issues. This book collates watershed problems and solutions from around the world covering diverse climate types. These cases show complex interactions between hydrological processes and environmental conditions and scientific methods for understanding the hydrological regime and management of human activities. This book can be used as a state-of-the-art resource for academic researchers and water resource professionals, and will also appeal to students, scholars, and general readers interested in watershed models, water management, environmental management, climate change impact assessment, or ecohydrologic interactions.

Watershed --- model --- climate change --- environmental vulnerability --- resource assessment --- water management

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In a new era of global awareness and globalization, what’s happening around the world in real-time such as hurricanes, volcanic eruption, fires, drought, pollution, and other environmental and climate challenges are becoming increasingly more important and affect people’s lives. To meet these challenges, Earth observations from a new generation of satellites have now become available giving us unprecedented capabilities to monitor and study our planet. With global coverage twice daily for the next several decades, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometers on polar orbiting satellites provide rich and publically available data sets for a large number of land, atmosphere, and ocean applications, including the monitoring of aerosols, cloud properties, radiation budget, sea surface temperature, ocean color, active fire, albedo, snow and ice, vegetation, land use/land cover, night-lights from human activities, and natural disasters. Calibration and validation of these satellite observations are essential to ensure the quality, accuracy, precision, and stability of the data for the applications. This book will review recent advances in satellite optical sensor calibration and validation methodologies, algorithms, and techniques. Example calibration and validation of environmental data products are also discussed. It aims to serve all professionals, researchers, students, scientists alike in academics, industries, government, and beyond.

space agencies --- meteorological agencies --- universities --- remote sensing --- earth science --- climate change

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With its wide spectrum of data, case studies, monitoring, and experimental and numerical simulation techniques, the multidisciplinary approach of material, environmental, and computer science applied to the conservation of cultural heritage offers several opportunities for the heritage science and conservation community to map and monitor state-of-the-art knowledge on natural and human-induced climate change impacts on cultural heritage—mainly constituted by the built environment—in Europe and Latin America. Geosciences’ Special Issue titled “Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Resources Threatened by Climate Change” was launched to take stock of the existing but still fragmentary knowledge on this challenge, and to enable the community to respond to the implementation of the Paris agreement. These 10 papers exploit a broad range of data derived from preventive conservation monitoring conducted indoors in museums, churches, historical buildings, or outdoors in archeological sites and city centers. Case studies presented in the papers focus on a well-assorted sample of decay phenomena occurring on heritage materials (e.g., surface recession and biomass accumulation on limestone, depositions of pollutant on marble, salt weathering on inorganic building materials, and weathering processes on mortars in many local- to regional-scale study areas in the Scandinavian Peninsula, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Italy, Greece, and Panama). Besides monitoring, the methodological approaches showcased include, but are not limited to, original material characterization, decay product characterization, and climate and numerical modelling on material components for assessing environmental impact and climate change effects.

indoor air quality --- cultural heritage --- climate change --- preventive conservation --- mitigation actions --- built heritage --- environmental impact --- damage functions --- Central America --- surface recession --- biomass accumulation --- salt crystallisation --- adaptation --- climate change --- cultural heritage --- management --- conservation --- cultural heritage --- preventative conservation --- climate change --- mitigation --- adaptation --- climate modelling --- stable isotopes --- ?13C --- ?18O --- mortars --- mineralogy --- degradation --- depositions on marble --- cultural heritage --- exposure tests --- climate change scenarios --- mechanical decay --- biological decay --- chemical decay --- wood --- masonry --- Scandinavian countries --- indoor climate --- climate change --- long-term monitoring --- Norwegian protected buildings --- medieval buildings --- zero status --- warning report --- moisture transport --- wood --- relative humidity --- climate variations --- measurements --- experimental research --- hygrothermal simulation models --- typical and extreme weather conditions --- climate change --- salt climatology --- climate change --- built cultural heritage weathering --- cultural heritage --- climate change --- decay --- preventive conservation --- mitigation actions --- heritage materials --- indoor climate --- outdoor climate

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Hydroclimatic extremes, such as floods and droughts, affect aspects of our lives and the environment including energy, hydropower, agriculture, transportation, urban life, and human health and safety. Climate studies indicate that the risk of increased flooding and/or more severe droughts will be higher in the future than today, causing increased fatalities, environmental degradation, and economic losses. Using a suite of innovative approaches this book quantifies the changes in projected hydroclimatic extremes and illustrates their impacts in several locations in North America, Asia, and Europe.

climate change --- Canada --- flooding frequency --- catchment based macroscale floodplain model --- uncertainty --- flood inundation maps --- climate change --- EURO-CORDEX projections --- continuous simulations --- climate change --- flood hazard --- flood risk --- return period --- streamflow regulation rules --- Canada --- consecutive dry days --- climate --- downscaled projections --- Southeast U.S. --- CMIP5 --- drought-flood abrupt alternation --- temporal and spatial evolution --- climate change --- water quality --- Copula function --- spatial analog --- extreme precipitation --- future precipitation at urban scale --- RCM uncertainty --- flood frequency analysis --- flash flood --- climate change and variability --- Boise River Watershed --- HSPF --- hydrological risk assessment --- extreme hydrologic events --- climate change impacts --- downscaling --- uncertainty --- ensembles --- water resource systems --- frequency estimates --- downscaling --- future projections --- RCP4.5 --- RCP8.5 --- changing of exceedance --- Northeastern US --- climate change --- climate projections --- extreme rainfall --- floods --- droughts