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The Special Issue “Synthesis and Modification of Nanostructured Thin Films” highlights the recent progress in thin film synthesis/modification and characterization. New methods are reviewed for the synthesis and/or modification of thin films based on laser, magnetron, chemical, and other techniques. The obtained thin nanostructures are characterized by complex and complementary techniques. We think that most of proposed methods can be directly applied in production, but some others still need further elaboration for long-term prospective applications in lasers, optics, materials, electronics, informatics, telecommunications, biology, medicine, and probably many other domains. The Guest Editor and the MDPI staff are therefore pleased to offer this Special Issue to interested readers, including graduate and PhD students as well as postdoctoral researchers, but also to the entire community interested in the field of nanomaterials. We share the conviction that this can serve as a useful tool for updating the literature, but also to aid in the conception of new production and/or research programs. There is plenty of room for further dedicated R&D advances based on new instruments and materials under development.

AlGaN --- nanopatterned sapphire substrate --- hydride vapor phase epitaxy --- stress --- transmission electron microscopy --- copper nanowires --- CuNWs --- degradation --- encapsulation --- PDMS --- PMMA --- solution-based --- transparent electrode --- photonic crystal fiber --- demultiplexer --- dense wavelength division multiplexing --- lithium niobate --- waveguide --- photonic integrated circuit --- propagation loss --- optical lithography --- chemo-mechanical polishing --- gold thin film --- nonlinear absorption --- nonlinear refraction --- transient absorption --- nanoparticles --- high-order harmonics --- electroluminescence --- nanolaminate --- Al2O3 --- Tm2O3 --- atomic layer deposition --- germanium --- DLC --- doped biomaterials --- pulsed laser deposition --- reactive oxygen species --- apoptosis --- cytotoxicity --- titanium film --- interlayer --- cohesion --- residual stress --- nano-indenter --- nanocrystal --- CdTe --- Cu-doped --- ZnTe --- solar cells --- solution processed --- pulsed laser deposition --- chalcogenide thin films --- Raman spectroscopy --- spectroscopic ellipsometry --- noble metal nanoparticles --- pulsed laser ablation --- surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- antiepileptic drugs --- Zn2+ substituted Coll-CaPs biomimetic layers --- MAPLE --- spin coating --- dye-sensitized solar cells --- photovoltaic conversion efficiency --- TiO2 thin films --- pulsed laser deposition --- DLC bio-functionality --- silicon doping --- diffusion barrier --- biocompatibility --- proliferation improvement --- endothelial cells --- ZnO nanofilms --- SHG --- Ga doping --- polarization angle --- Cu2MgxZn1?xSnS4 --- thin films --- photoelectric performance --- sol–gel --- sulfuration treatment --- solar cell --- nanomaterial --- zinc oxide --- barium titanate --- composite --- ethylene vinyl acetate --- elastic modulus --- toughness --- flexural rigidity --- radiopacity --- piezoelectricity --- laser surface texturing --- laser-induced periodic surface structures --- LIPSS --- silicon --- PTFE --- friction --- n/a