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Concerns have been raised with respect to the state of high-altitude and high-latitude treelines, as they are anticipated to undergo considerable modifications due to global changes, and especially due to climate warming. As high-elevation treelines are temperature-limited vegetation boundaries, they are considered to be sensitive to climate warming. As a consequence, in this future, warmer environment, an upward migration of treelines is expected because low air and root-zone temperatures constrain their regeneration and growth. Despite the ubiquity of climate warming, treeline advancement is not a worldwide phenomenon: some treelines have been advancing rapidly, others have responded sluggishly or have remained stable. This variation in responses is attributed to the potential interaction of a continuum of site-related factors that may lead to the occurrence of locally conditioned temperature patterns. Competition amongst species and below-ground resources have been suggested as additional factors explaining the variability in the movement of treelines. This Special Issue (book) is dedicated to the discussion of treeline responses to changing environmental conditions in different areas around the globe.

Changbai Mountain --- Erman’s birch --- microsite --- alpine treeline --- non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) --- treeline --- climate change --- ecosystem manipulation --- space-for-time substitution --- long-term trends --- Central Austrian Alps --- 15N natural abundance --- nitrogen cycling --- treeline --- shrubline --- altitude --- light quantity --- light quality --- spectrometer --- shoot elongation --- tree seedlings --- forest climatology --- Switzerland --- temperature --- relative air humidity --- thermal continentality --- foehn winds --- expert elicitation --- knowledge engineering --- apical control --- multi-stemmed growth form --- Pinus cembra --- treeline --- climate change --- experimental rain exclusion --- plant water availability --- soil drought --- treeline --- sap flow --- Picea abies --- Larix decidua --- drought --- Mediterranean climate --- photoinhibition --- photosynthetic pigments --- tocopherol --- climate change --- climate zone --- environmental stress --- forest edge --- precipitation --- tree regeneration --- tree seedling recruitment --- upward advance --- alpine timberline --- conifer shrub --- pit aspiration --- refilling --- winter stress --- xylem embolism --- tree line --- sub-Antarctic --- westerly winds --- postglacial --- Holocene --- Southern Ocean --- climate change --- palynology --- cloud --- peat --- dendroclimatology --- elevational gradients --- drought --- western Montana --- Rocky Mountains --- treeline --- climate change --- fungal ecology --- diversity --- monitoring --- NDVI --- permafrost --- remote sensing data --- history of treeline research --- elevational treeline --- polar treeline --- treeline dynamics --- timberline --- higher altitude --- chlorophyll --- carotenoids --- climate change --- Pinus sibirica --- Abies sibirica --- elevational transect --- basal area increment --- climate warming --- conifers --- European Alps --- growth trend --- n/a

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Planting trees in the agricultural landscape, in the form of establishing agroforestry systems, has a significant role to play in potentially improving ecosystem services, such as increased biodiversity, reduced soil erosion, increased soil carbon storage, improved food security and nutrition, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. While the role of trees in agroforestry systems in improving ecosystem services has been researched, studies in new systems/regions and new agroforestry system designs are still emerging. This Special Issue includes selected papers presented at the 4th World Congress on Agroforestry, Montpellier, France 20–22 May 2019, and other volunteer papers. The scope of articles includes all aspects of agroforestry systems.

agroforestry systems --- carbon sequestration --- climate change --- cropping system --- growth form --- lignin --- temperature change --- gross N transformation rates --- subtropical acidic forest soil --- China --- 15N tracing experiment --- agroforestry systems --- carbon sequestration --- climate change mitigation --- windbreaks --- shelterbelts --- Alpinia oxyphylla --- interspecific competition --- leaf nutrient diagnosis --- plant water use --- rubber-based agroforestry system --- stable isotope --- shade tree species --- farmers’ knowledge --- East Africa --- home garden --- margalef index --- ahannon-wiener index --- sustainable management --- West Java --- Indonesia --- review --- ecosystem services --- agroforestry --- natural capital --- economic benefits --- alley cropping --- bees --- forest farming --- hedgerows --- pollinators --- pollination --- riparian buffers --- shelterbelts --- windbreaks --- phosphorus --- fractionation --- sorption --- cropland --- forestland --- slash-and-mulch --- improved-fallow --- native trees --- N-fixing trees --- soil N --- soil C --- nutrient content --- agroforestry system --- Amazonia

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Forests cover 30% of the Earth’s land area, or nearly four billion hectares. Enhancing the benefits and ecosystem services of forests has been increasingly recognized as an essential part of nature-based solutions for solving many emerging global environmental problems today. A core science supporting forest management is understanding the interactions of forests, water, and people. These interactions have become increasingly complex under climate change and its associated impacts, such as the increases in the intensity and frequency of drought and floods, increasing population and deforestation, and a rise in global demands for multiple ecosystem services including clean water supply and carbon sequestration. Forest watershed managers have recognized that water management is an essential component of forest management. Global environmental change is posing more challenges for managing forests and water toward sustainable development. New science on forest and water is critically needed across the globe. The International Forests and Water Conference 2018, Valdivia, Chile (http://forestsandwater2018.cl/), a joint effort of the 5th IUFRO International Conference on Forests and Water in a Changing Environment and the Second Latin American Conference on Forests and Water provided a unique forum to examine forest and water issues in Latin America under a global context. This book represents a collection of some of the peer-reviewed papers presented at the conference that were published in a Special Issue of Forests.

afforestation --- soil moisture --- precipitation gradient --- restoration strategy --- Loess Plateau --- post-fire hydrology --- source water protection --- drinking-water security --- multi-criteria analysis --- “Forests to Faucets” --- community drinking-water --- compound wildfire-water risk --- land use change --- forests --- ecosystem services --- hydrological modeling --- Mekong --- Cambodia --- native forest --- forest plantation --- shrubland --- grassland --- water provision --- water supply --- land use and land cover change --- NDC --- Chile --- land use change --- SWAT model --- Nenjiang River --- hydrology --- forest --- wetland --- timber harvesting --- forest operations --- nutrient concentrations --- load --- water quality --- water management --- participatory monitoring --- forest watersheds --- social capital --- water governance --- native forests --- forest plantations --- agricultural lands --- catchment management --- dissolved organic matter --- streamside native buffer --- riparian vegetation --- forest and water policy --- sustainability --- climate change --- forest hydrology --- SDGs --- climate change --- forest ecosystem management --- riparian buffer zones --- density management harvest --- aquatic-riparian ecosystems --- connectivity --- heat: moisture index --- Rhyacotriton --- Oregon --- US Pacific Northwest --- forestry --- ecohydrology --- watershed management --- global change --- sustainability

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heavily Environmental mathematical models represent one of the key aids for scientists to forecast, create, and evaluate complex scenarios. These models rely on the data collected by direct field observations. However, assembly of a functional and comprehensive dataset for any environmental variable is difficult, mainly because of i) the high cost of the monitoring campaigns and ii) the low reliability of measurements (e.g., due to occurrences of equipment malfunctions and/or issues related to equipment location). The lack of a sufficient amount of Earth science data may induce an inadequate representation of the response’s complexity in any environmental system to any type of input/change, both natural and human-induced. In such a case, before undertaking expensive studies to gather and analyze additional data, it is reasonable to first understand what enhancement in estimates of system performance would result if all the available data could be well exploited. Missing data imputation is an important task in cases where it is crucial to use all available data and not discard records with missing values. Different approaches are available to deal with missing data. Traditional statistical data completion methods are used in different domains to deal with single and multiple imputation problems. More recently, machine learning techniques, such as clustering and classification, have been proposed to complete missing data. This book showcases the body of knowledge that is aimed at improving the capacity to exploit the available data to better represent, understand, predict, and manage the behavior of environmental systems at all practical scales.

rough set theory --- water quality --- attribute reduction --- core attribute --- rule extraction --- climate extreme indices (CEIs) --- ClimPACT --- GLDAS --- Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) --- Expert Team on Sector-specific Climate Indices (ET-SCI) --- Dataset Licensedatabase --- geophysical monitoring --- magnetotelluric monitoring --- processing --- arthropod vector --- invasive species --- microhabitat --- species distribution modeling --- remote sensing --- data assimilation --- 3D-Var --- multi-class classification --- soil texture calculator --- k-Nearest Neighbors --- support vector machines --- decision trees --- ensemble learning --- earth-science data --- data scarcity --- missing data --- data quality --- data imputation --- statistical methods --- machine learning --- environmental modeling --- environmental observations

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During the last few years, industrial fermentation technologies have advanced in order to improve the quality of the final product. Some examples of those modern technologies are the biotechnology developments of microbial materials, such as Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts or lactic bacteria from different genera. Other technologies are related to the use of additives and adjuvants, such as nutrients, enzymes, fining agents, or preservatives and their management, which directly influence the quality and reduce the risks in final fermentation products. Other technologies are based on the management of thermal treatments, filtrations, pressure applications, ultrasounds, UV, and so on, which have also led to improvements in fermentation quality in recent years. The aim of the issue is to study new technologies able to improve the quality parameters of fermentation products, such as aroma, color, turbidity, acidity, or any other parameters related to improving sensory perception by the consumers. Food safety parameters are also included.

itaconic acid --- A. terreus --- pH control --- glucose --- kinetic analysis --- Gompertz-model --- biogenic amines --- ethyl carbamate --- ochratoxin A --- sulfur dioxide --- phthalates --- HACCP --- Yeasts --- alcoholic beverages --- resveratrol --- glutathione --- trehalose --- tryptophan --- melatonin --- serotonin --- tyrosol --- tryptophol --- hydroxytyrosol --- IAA --- probiotics --- Torulaspora delbrueckii --- Lachancea thermotolerans --- Metschnikowia pulcherrima --- Schizosaccharomyces pombe --- Pichia kluyveri --- non-Saccharomyces --- biocontrol application --- non-Saccharomyces screening --- SO2 reduction --- lactic acid bacteria --- yeasts --- chemical analyses --- volatile compounds --- sensory evaluation --- shiraz --- low-ethanol wines --- sequential culture --- Hanseniaspora uvarum yeast --- aromatic/sensorial profiles --- narince --- autochthonous --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- aroma --- white wine --- cashew apple juice --- non-conventional yeasts --- alcoholic beverages --- aroma profile --- Hanseniaspora guilliermondii --- Torulaspora microellipsoides --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- meta-taxonomic analysis --- vineyard soil --- wine-related bacteria --- wine-related fungi --- sequential inoculation --- Saccharomyces --- non-Saccharomyces --- Riesling --- aroma compound --- Torulaspora delbrueckii --- Pichia kluyveri --- Lachancea thermotolerans --- Tannat --- must replacement --- hot pre-fermentative maceration --- wine color --- wine composition --- climate change --- food quality --- viticulture --- wine --- fermentation --- yeast --- Saccharomyces --- non-Saccharomyces --- alcoholic fermentation --- lactic acid bacteria --- malolactic fermentation --- native yeast --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- aroma --- Malvar (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) --- white wine --- yeasts --- Bombino bianco --- technological characterization --- enzymatic patterns --- amino acid decarboxylation --- Lachancea thermotolerans --- non-Saccharomyces --- Saccharomyces --- acidity --- food safety --- HACCP --- wine quality --- color --- human health-promoting compounds --- biocontrol --- wine flavor --- low ethanol wine --- Vineyard Microbiota --- wine color --- wine aroma --- climate change